Adalimumab was safe and effective in 68% of refractory uveitis patients 10 weeks after study enrolment, and maintained in 39% after 1 year. Ongoing study is required to determine the place of adalimumab and other TNF blockers in the treatment of uveitis.

Results. We observed no evidence for increased IL-1␤ production in cells obtained from subjects with Blau syndrome compared with healthy control subjects. Furthermore, we presented 2 cases of Blau syndrome in which recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) was ineffective treatment.Conclusion. Taken together, these data suggest that in contrast to related IL-1␤-dependent autoinflammatory cryopyrinopathies, Blau syndrome is not mediated by excess IL-1␤ or other IL-1 activity.

Rituximab may be effective in the treatment of ocular inflammatory disease. Dosing is less frequent than many medications currently available. Four cases are reported, each of which appeared to have responded well to treatment with rituximab, although patient 2 was able to remain on a low dose of prednisone for only 2 months. The ongoing pilot study will hopefully provide additional insight into the benefit of rituximab for treatment of scleritis and idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease.

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Although not a standard treatment, in select cases of PP topical difluprednate therapy could be a useful short-term treatment option while alternative treatments are considered or immunosuppressive agents build to therapeutic levels. Ophthalmologists must be aware of the potential for delayed onset of serious complications when using difluprednate.