Analysis of viral gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a restricted (LMP 2 only) pattern in healthy subjects, and an unrestricted (latency 3) pattern with lytic replication in 14% of IM blood and 45% of cases of PTLD. A total of 55% of healthy transplant recipients had additional transcripts in one or more blood samples, and this finding correlated with high viral load. Analysis of the 12 samples from healthy recipients with viral loads equivalent to those seen in PTLD showed additional transcripts in all cases and latency 3 with lytic replication in 33%. Thus, an isolated finding of high viral load and/or unrestricted latent and lytic gene expression is not indicative of PTLD.
We used a porcine microarray containing 2,880 cDNAs to investigate the response of macrophages to infection by a virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolate, Malawi LIL20/1. One hundred twenty-five targets were found to be significantly altered at either or both 4 h and 16 h postinfection compared with targets after mock infection. These targets were assigned into three groups according to their temporal expression profiles. Eighty-six targets showed increased expression levels at 4 h postinfection but returned to expression levels similar to those in mock-infected cells at 16 h postinfection. These encoded several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, surface proteins, and proteins involved in cell signaling and trafficking pathways. Thirty-four targets showed increased expression levels at 16 h postinfection compared to levels at 4 h postinfection and in mock-infected cells. One host gene showed increased expression levels at both 4 and 16 h postinfection compared to levels in mock-infected cells. The microarray results were validated for 12 selected genes by quantitative real-time PCR. Levels of protein expression and secretion were measured for two proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, during a time course of infection with either the virulent Malawi LIL20/1 isolate or the OUR T88/3 nonpathogenic isolate. The results revealed differences between these two ASFV isolates in the amounts of these cytokines secreted from infected cells. African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes inapparent persistent infections in its natural hosts, warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), bushpigs (Potamochoerus porcus), and soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata), which inhabit warthog burrows. In contrast, the virus causes an acute hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in pigs, although some low-virulence isolates have been reported (6,33,50,52,53).The virus replicates in cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system and reticulo-endothelial cells of lymphoid tissues and organs. Widespread apoptotic cell death occurs in both T and B lymphocytes of lymphoid tissues (9, 21) and in arteriolar and capillary endothelial cells (10,(15)(16)(17)22). Disseminated intravascular coagulation develops during the late phase of acute infections, and this may lead to the characteristic hemorrhagic syndrome (20,22,41).ASFV is a large, icosahedral, double-stranded DNA virus which replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and has been classified as the only member of a new virus family (13), the Asfarviridae. The genome encodes between 160 and 175 proteins, including a number that interfere with host defense systems. These include proteins such as the A238L protein, which inhibits both the activation of the host NF-B transcription factor and calcineurin phosphatase activity. The latter inactivation results in the inhibition of calcineurin-dependent pathways, such as activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cell transcription factors (23,24,37,38,44,47). Members of ASFV multigene families 360 and 53...
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