Flysch-type aquifers in the Eastern Carpathians usually feed periodic and low-discharge springs. However, in some areas, such as in the upper part of the Połonina Wetlińska Massif, perennial springs with a relatively high discharge were identified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify recharge and groundwater flow patterns of three high-discharge springs based on the response of spring discharge to rainfall and on the relationship between specific electrical conductivity of water and spring discharge. The relation between spring discharge and rainfall was investigated by cross-correlation analyses. Generally, cumulative rainfall over a period from 10 days to 3 months is most strongly correlated with discharge; however, the response time of spring discharge varies throughout the year. Faster response to rainfall occurs in the spring after snowmelt, while in the summer and autumn months the response time increases. Two flow systems were identified: 1) a relatively deep, fissure-pore flow system with a long response time to precipitation and 2) a shallow, fissure-dominated system with a short response time, which is superimposed on the longer response. A small range of specific electrical conductivity combined with the varying discharge of two springs suggests that dilution of groundwater by rainwater does not play a significant role. The differences in the studied springs’ response to rainfall can be attributed to the recharge area, regolith features and local bedrock structures, i.e. occurrence of joints and faults, monoclinal dip of rock layers and gravitational slope deformations including ridge-top trenches, which, thus far, have been underestimated in determining groundwater storage capacity in the flysch part of the Carpathians.
Global warming affects, among many other things, groundwater recharge conditions. Over recent decades, this phenomenon in the Carpathians has been emphasized by the changing role of snowmelt recharge in winter and spring. The aim of the study was to assess baseflow trends in 20 medium-sized Carpathian catchments in Poland and Slovakia. The baseflow was calculated using Eckhardt’s digital filter. The trend analysis was performed using the non-parametric method separately for the series representing the baseflow throughout the whole year, and separately for seasons. The most evident changes were noted for the low baseflow in the summer and autumn, especially in foothill catchments. Statistically significant decreases in the low daily baseflow were expressed as a relative change, and ranged from −9% to −66% per 10 years for the summer, and from −12% to −82% per 10 years for the autumn. In winter and spring, trends in the low baseflow were not significant, except in high mountain catchments where 14% of increases in the low baseflow were noted in the winter and spring. The results indicate the changing role of snowmelt recharge in the Carpathians and the increasing problem of groundwater depletion in the summer and autumn, mainly in foothill areas.
The impact of land cover and its changes on European Beaver emplacement in the Magura National Park Reintroduction of the European beaver (Castor fiber) in the Beskid Niski started in the 1980s. The increase in the beaver population coincided with the systemic, social and economic changes that took place both in the Beskid Niski and in the entire Poland. In the case of the Magurski National Park, they are part of a longer series of events of the twentieth century, related to intensive warfare and population exchange in this area. As a result, the structure of land use, as an effect of human impact on the natural environment, has undergone significant changes. The article attempts to assess the impact of changes in land cover on the European beaver population in Magura National Park. Particular attention was paid to the changes that take place in the immediate vicinity of the beaver sites. The intensity of land cover transformations within its impact zone was compared with changes that occur in other areas of the park, including those made by humans. The results of field surveys carried out in 1996, 2010 and 2021 were used in the research. Until 2019, information was obtained through segmentation and classification of orthophotos. The Mask R-CNN deep learning model and machine learning algorithms were used to extract information from cartographic materials. In the Magurski National Park area, from the 1980s to the present, there has been an increase in the number of beavers; the forest area and the density of buildings also increased, with a simultaneous decrease in the field and grassland area, as well as the density of the road network. During this period, beavers living in the study area showed a tendency to abandon their positions at the bottom of large river valleys near human habitations, in favour of inhabiting higher-lying areas, more distant from human activity zones. Currently, beavers inhabit the areas of abandoned Lemko villages and adjacent forests in the south of the national park. It is difficult to determine and requires further research whether the described change in the location of the beaver habitat results from the beaver’s desire to avoid humans or from other environmental conditions. Zarys treści: Działania zmierzające do reintrodukcji bobra europejskiego (Castor fiber) w Beskidzie Niskim zaczęto podejmować w latach 80. XX w. Zwiększanie się populacji bobra zbiegło się w czasie ze zmianami ustrojowymi, społecznymi oraz ekonomicznymi, które miały miejsce zarówno na obszarze Beskidu Niskiego, jak i całej Polski. W przypadku Magurskiego Parku Narodowego wpisują się one w dłuższy ciąg wydarzeń XX w., związanych z intensywnymi działaniami wojennymi oraz wymianą ludności na tym obszarze. W ich wyniku struktura użytkowania ziemi, będąca wynikiem oddziaływania człowieka na środowisko naturalne, poddana została znaczącym zmianom. W pracy podjęto próbę oceny wpływu zmian pokrycia terenu na populację bobra europejskiego w Magurskim Parku Narodowym. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na przemiany zachodzące w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie stanowisk bobra. Intensywność przekształceń pokrycia terenu w obrębie strefy jego oddziaływania została porównana ze zmianami zachodzącymi w innych obszarach Parku, w tym tych użytkowanych przez człowieka. W badaniach wykorzystano wyniki inwentaryzacji przeprowadzanych w latach 1996, 2010 oraz 2021. Strukturę pokrycia terenu pod koniec lat 80. XX w. pozyskano z archiwalnych map topograficznych w skalach 1: 10 000 i 1: 25 000. Dla okresu od lat 90. ubiegłego wieku do 2019 r. informacje zostały pozyskane poprzez segmentację i klasyfikację ortofotomap. W pozyskiwaniu informacji z materiałów kartograficznych wykorzystano model głębokiego uczenia Mask R-CNN oraz algorytmy uczenia maszynowego. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że na obszarze Magurskiego Parku Narodowego od lat 80. XX w. do dziś doszło do wzrostu liczebności bobra; zwiększyła się także powierzchnia lasów oraz gęstość zabudowy, przy jednoczesnym spadku powierzchni pól i użytków zielonych, a także gęstości sieci drogowej. Bobry żyjące na badanym obszarze, wykazywały w tym okresie tendencję do porzucania stanowisk w dnach dużych dolin rzecznych w pobliżu siedlisk ludzkich, na rzecz zasiedlania obszarów wyżej położonych, bardziej oddalonych od stref aktywności człowieka. Obecnie zamieszkane przez bobra są głównie tereny opuszczonych wsi łemkowskich oraz przyległych lasów na południu Parku Narodowego. Trudne do określenia i wymagające dalszych badań jest stwierdzenie, czy opisywana zmiana lokalizacji obszarów bytowania bobra wynika z chęci uniknięcia przez niego człowieka czy z innych uwarunkowań środowiskowych.
<p>A better understanding of soil erosion is not possible without including subsurface erosion. Soil piping may significantly contribute to the overall erosion problem in a given area and may therefore change the conditions and methods for controlling soil degradation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify regionally and globally sites where soil piping occurs which then may require a change of the strategies to control soil erosion. In this project, we are constructing the very first data-driven piping erosion susceptibility map of Europe. The crucial point is to identify piping-affected areas by mapping the soil piping-related features, i.e. pipe roof collapses (PCs) and pipe outlets in the European Union and the UK. Mapping is based on an in-depth literature review in combination with detailed mapping using Google Earth imagery, and LiDAR data (if available). The database currently consists of 6841 piping-related features (6171 PCs, and 670 outlets), among which the location of 88% features is certain (within a resolution of 25 m). Almost 28% (1889 features) were located based on detailed fieldwork, 25% (1726) were extracted from published papers, and 47% based on a detailed analysis of Google Earth imagery and LiDAR data (19% and 28%, respectively). This database is currently used to construct the very first data-driven piping erosion susceptibility map of Europe.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>This research is part of the project &#8220;Building excellence in research of human-environmental systems with geospatial and Earth observation technologies&#8221; that received funding from the European Union&#8217;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 952327.</p>
Magura National Park, located in Beskid Niski Mountains, is poorly researched in the field of hydrology. The aim of this study is to recognize the water cycle patterns in Krempna stream catchment (located in Magura NP). To reach this goal, hydrological mapping was taken. 173 (9,9/square kilometer) water outflows in catchment were surveyed; mean spring water temperature was 13,8°C (ranging from 8 to 19°C) and mean SEC was 345 µS×cm−1 (ranging from 70 to 1000 µS×cm−1). The results, compared with existing studies, indicate low water resources and a rapid transformation of rainfall into runoff in the studied catchment.
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