This article presents a contribution to better understanding of the processes which take place during the synthesis of polypyrrole nanotubes using a structure-guiding agent, methyl orange. Polypyrrole was prepared by oxidation of pyrrole monomer with iron(III) chloride. In the presence of methyl orange, the formation of nanotubes was observed instead of the globular morphology. Two reaction schemes with reversed additions of oxidant and monomer have been tested and they show remarkable influence on the produced morphology. Nanotubes with circular or rectangular profiles and diameters from tens to hundreds of nanometres have been obtained. FTIR and Raman spectra were used to assess the molecular structure of polypyrrole and detect residual methyl orange in the samples. The conductivity of nanotubes compressed into pellets was as high as 68 S cm À1 . The mechanism of nanotubular formation starting at the nucleus produced with the participation of organic dye is proposed. The growth of a nanotube, however, proceeds in the absence of a template. An alternative mechanism for the formation of nanotubes, the coating of solid templates with a polypyrrole overlayer, is also discussed.
Polyaniline is an organic semiconductor. It is prepared by the oxidative chemical or electrochemical oxidations of aniline in acidic aqueous media. The course of the oxidation can be followed by monitoring changes in temperature or pH. Depending on acidity conditions, polyaniline has globular, nanofibrilar, or nanotubular morphology. Polyaniline may also be obtained as thin films, coatings, or as colloidal dispersions. The conducting polyaniline salt convers to nonconducting polyaniline base under alkaline conditions. Its reprotonation by various acids offers a route for preparation of polyanilines with various properties. These processes are reflected in UV–vis, FTIR, and Raman spectra. The mechanism of conduction is based on the presence of delocalized polarons and protons. Polyaniline exhibits both the electronic and ionic conductivity. The stability of polyaniline at elevated temperature and in aggressive media is good. Polyaniline is converted to nitrogen‐containing carbon in inert atmosphere at 600°C. Biological properties and antimicrobial activity of polyaniline are outlined. The applications of polyaniline in batteries, corrosion protection, fuel cells, sensors, and supercapacitors are briefly reviewed.
Conducting polymers (CP), namely polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy), are promising materials applicable for the use as biointerfaces as they intrinsically combine electronic and ionic conductivity. Although a number of works have employed PANI or PPy in the preparation of copolymers, composites, and blends with other polymers, there is no systematic study dealing with the comparison of their fundamental biological properties. The present study, therefore, compares the biocompatibility of PANI and PPy in terms of cytotoxicity (using NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells) and embryotoxicity (their impact on erythropoiesis and cardiomyogenesis within embryonic bodies). The novelty of the study lies not only in the fact that embryotoxicity is presented for the first time for both studied polymers, but also in the elimination of inter-laboratory variations within the testing, such variation making the comparison of previously published works difficult. The results clearly show that there is a bigger difference between the biocompatibility of the respective polymers in their salt and base forms than between PANI and PPy as such. PANI and PPy can, therefore, be similarly applied in biomedicine when solely their biological properties are considered. Impurity content detected by mass spectroscopy is presented. These results can change the generally accepted opinion of the scientific community on better biocompatibility of PPy in comparison with PANI.
The
present contribution reports the single-step preparation of
new type of soft macroporous conducting cryogels, a special type of
hydrogels. Polyaniline/poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel was prepared by
the oxidation of aniline hydrochloride in frozen reaction mixtures,
in ice, containing a supporting polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol). The
cryogel used for illustration contained of polyaniline, poly(vinyl
alcohol) and 93 wt % of aqueous phase. It was macroscopically homogeneous
and it had macroporous structure with average pore size of ≈100
μm. The conducting polyaniline phase was fibrillary. The molecular
structure of polyaniline was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The
conductivity of cryogel was 0.004 S cm–1 in water
and 0.105 S cm–1 in 0.1 M sulfuric acid. It still
increased to 0.29 S cm–1 when the content of monomer
increased five times. Because of the contribution of electronic transport,
the conductivity of cryogel was always higher than the ionic conductivity
of aqueous phase used for its penetration. The conductivity of freeze-dried
cryogel was 0.003 S cm–1. Viscoelastic and mechanical
properties, controlled mainly by the conducting polymer phase, have
been assessed and demonstrated good mechanical integrity and feasibility
of potential applications.
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