The contributions and limitations of the positivist and post-positivist approaches to research into domestic water demand are analysed and compared, and the potential for bringing the two perspectives together is evaluated. The analysis is based on a 4-year investigation of water demand conducted as part of a larger multidisciplinary research programme on sustainable urban environments and specifically the role of water in new developments. The positivist approach is more traditional and offers immediate utility in an evidence-based, legally defensible policy arena. Positivists use concepts such as good ecological status and water scarcity as measures or targets. In contrast post-positivists seek to 'deconstruct' concepts and decision processes in order to understand backgrounds, values and contexts that influence outcomes. The positivists typically use large quantitative data sets and seek to establish general 'truths' that can be tested and used to forecast. The post-positivists undertake intensive case-study-based investigations, typically drawing on qualitative information to illustrate processes, exceptions and barriers. While each approach can add value to the other, the paper argues that the synthesis of the two approaches to create integrated interdisciplinary frameworks is unlikely to succeed. It argues that the most helpful vision is that of a pluralist research environment with 'interrelating interdisciplinary research' in which the relative contributions of generalisations and forecasts are discussed alongside broader interpretations about the inherent values of the current policy process. key words positivism post-positivism quantitative research interdisciplinary research water demand UK

ROBOVOLC is a new robotic system that has been designed to help scientists in the exploration of volcanoes. It is composed of three subsystems: a rover platform with six articulated and independently actuated wheels; a manipulator arm to collect rock samples, drop and pick up sensors and sample gas; and a pan-tilt turret with a high resolution camera, video-camera, infrared camera and a doppler radar for gas speed measurement. This paper contains a short description of the system, following an introduction to the problem and review of the state-ofthe-art. Finally, results from the first test campaign on Mount Etna during September 2002 are briefly described.

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This paper presents the development of the user interface for the Robovolc volcano exploration robot. The discussion examines the important issues, concepts that need to be considered and the lessons learnt during the overall development phase. The process by which the final user interface was developed is also described, examining the key stages and decisions that were made. Lastly, results of the final tests carried out on Mount Etna are also discussed.