This chapter examines the liberalist approach to the theory and practice of international politics. It begins with an overview of liberalism’s main characteristics, including its description of international politics as evolving, becoming more imbued with interdependence, cooperation, peace, and security. It then considers the major liberalist schools of thought, namely: commercial or economic liberalism, human rights liberalism, international organization or institutions liberalism, and democratic liberalism. After explaining liberalism’s position on human rights and democracy, the chapter explores democratic peace theory. It concludes with a discussion of the Arab Spring as an example of recent developments that have put the liberalist perspective under great strain.
Academic inbreeding refers to the practice of universities hiring their own graduates. Academic inbreeding is not uncommon; in fact, it is so commonplace that it is considered standard practice in some countries and disciplines. 1 For some universities and disciplines, a high level of academic inbreeding is a point of pride as it reflects the ability to retain the highest quality academic talent. 2 However, the few empirical studies that have focused on academic inbreeding show that it is highly problematic. 3 Academic inbreeding stifles diversity, and by doing so, reduces innovation, lowers productivity, 4 and in law schools, maintains and reproduces elitism which then flows into the profession. 5 Most studies on academic inbreeding have been conducted in the US, and only three have explicitly focused on inbreeding in law schools. 6 This paper provides an empirical analysis of the extent, characteristics and effects of different types of inbreeding among 700
responded: Experimentally, the competition reactions were performed in a 4 : 1 mixture of dichloromethane:methanol. In methanol, the reactions both proceed more rapidly and also go more to full completion, while dichloromethane was introduced to ensure the solubility of all products. We therefore ran calculations incorporating a correction for pure methanol and a second set (in the supporting information) with pure dichloromethane. Importantly, the trends are identical with these two approaches, but with higher computed barriers in dichloromethane (consistent with the slower reactions observed experimentally). The increased barriers are due to the more difficult Cl À dissociation step (D to E in the paper). We feel justied in emphasizing the results in methanol as other experimental work has shown similar C-H activation reactions to be promoted upon the addition of just a few equivalents of methanol. This may be due to specic solvation of the Cl À anion as it dissociates. The computed barriers in methanol are also more consistent with most of the reactions proceeding at a reasonable rate at room temperature experimentally. We also found the balance between intramolecular AMLA/CMD and an external CMD process was solvent dependent: in methanol the former is clearly favoured, whereas in dichloromethane external CMD can become competitive, especially for the more electron-withdrawing substituents.
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