Iontophoresis was associated with weaker damage of corneal sub-basal nerves and anterior keratocytes compared to conventional procedures, but the demarcation line was present in less than 50% of cases and was more superficial than with the traditional procedure.

Aims: To investigate the relationship between visual impairment and fall-related hip fracture and to determine the etiology of visual impairment in a population of elderly patients with hip fracture. Methods: A case-control study compared 96 patients diagnosed with hip fracture to a randomly selected control group of 103 patients without hip fracture. Inclusion criteria for the case group were as follows: patients aged 60 years and over with a hip fracture. Clinical assessment included visual acuity and ophthalmic examination. Results: Forty-three patients with hip fracture had a visual impairment compared to only 12 patients in the control group. Visual impairment was a significant risk factor for hip fracture (OR = 6.15; 95% CI 2.98-12.69). Twenty-seven hip fracture patients had an uncorrected refractive error compared to only 15 controls (OR = 2.78; 95% CI 0.92-8.35). There was no significant difference of dense cataract between both groups (OR = 2.28; 95% CI 0.75-6.93). Fourteen hip fracture patients had a macular degeneration compared to only 8 controls (OR = 5.63; 95% CI 1.57-20.18), and 10 patients had suspicion of glaucoma compared to only 5 controls (OR = 10.65; 95% CI 2.21-51.3). Conclusion: Visual impairment was significantly associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in elderly people. There are many etiologies that may contribute to hip fractures, most notably refractive error, cataract, macular degeneration and glaucoma.

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