Abstract-The sarcomeric titin springs influence myocardial distensibility and passive stiffness. Titin isoform composition and protein kinase (PK)A-dependent titin phosphorylation are variables contributing to diastolic heart function. However, diastolic tone, relaxation speed, and left ventricular extensibility are also altered by PKG activation. We used back-phosphorylation assays to determine whether PKG can phosphorylate titin and affect titin-based stiffness in skinned myofibers and isolated myofibrils. PKG in the presence of 8-pCPT-cGMP (cGMP) phosphorylated the 2 main cardiac titin isoforms, N2BA and N2B, in human and canine left ventricles. In human myofibers/myofibrils dephosphorylated before mechanical analysis, passive stiffness dropped 10% to 20% on application of cGMP-PKG. Autoradiography and anti-phosphoserine blotting of recombinant human I-band titin domains established that PKG phosphorylates the N2-B and N2-A domains of titin. Using site-directed mutagenesis, serine residue S469 near the COOH terminus of the cardiac N2-B-unique sequence (N2-Bus) was identified as a PKG and PKA phosphorylation site. To address the mechanism of the PKG effect on titin stiffness, single-molecule atomic force microscopy force-extension experiments were performed on engineered N2-Bus-containing constructs. The presence of cGMP-PKG increased the bending rigidity of the N2-Bus to a degree that explained the overall PKG-mediated decrease in cardiomyofibrillar stiffness. Thus, the mechanically relevant site of PKG-induced titin phosphorylation is most likely in the N2-Bus; phosphorylation of other titin sites could affect protein-protein interactions. The results suggest that reducing titin stiffness by PKG-dependent phosphorylation of the N2-Bus can benefit diastolic function. Failing human hearts revealed a deficit for basal titin phosphorylation compared to donor hearts, which may contribute to diastolic dysfunction in heart failure. Key Words: cGMP Ⅲ nitric oxide Ⅲ diastolic function Ⅲ connectin Ⅲ passive tension M yocardial and chamber diastolic function are influenced by chamber geometry, hypertrophy, the extracellular matrix and the sarcomeric titin springs. Titins are giant proteins which exist in the heart in 2 main isoforms coexpressed in sarcomeres: a shorter, stiffer N2B-titin (3.0 MDa) and longer, more compliant N2BA isoforms (3.2 to 3.7 MDa). Differential expression of these isoforms is related to alternate gene splicing affecting the functionally elastic titin region, which is confined to the sarcomeric I-band. 1 The springy titin segment comprises regions of serially linked immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains separated by a cardiacspecific N2-B domain and a so-called PEVK segment (rich in proline, glutamate, valine, and lysine residues). The N2BA isoforms additionally have an N2-A domain and contain more Ig domains and PEVK-rich modules compared to the N2B isoform.Differential expression of titin isoforms determines passive stiffness of the sarcomere. 2,3 A low ratio of N2BA:N2B isoforms is found in sarcome...

Small heat shock proteins translocate to unfolded titin Ig domains under stress conditions to prevent titin aggregation and myocyte stiffening.

Haustoria of biotrophic rust fungi are responsible for the uptake of nutrients from their hosts and for the production of secreted proteins, known as effectors, which modulate the host immune system. The identification of the transcriptome of haustoria and an understanding of the functions of expressed genes therefore hold essential keys for the elucidation of fungus-plant interactions and the development of novel fungal control strategies. Here, we purified haustoria from infected leaves and used 454 sequencing to examine the haustorial transcriptomes of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Uromyces appendiculatus, the causal agents of soybean rust and common bean rust, respectively. These pathogens cause extensive yield losses in their respective legume crop hosts. A series of analyses were used to annotate expressed sequences, including transposable elements and viruses, to predict secreted proteins from the assembled sequences and to identify families of candidate effectors. This work provides a foundation for the comparative analysis of haustorial gene expression with further insights into physiology and effector evolution.