The number of Chinese international students obtaining their education at American institutions of higher education has reached a pinnacle, in that more Chinese international students attend American colleges and universities than ever before (Institute of International Education, 2015). Colleges and universities actively recruit Asian international students, especially those from the People's Republic of China. As Chinese international students continue to represent an ever-greater percentage of the student bodies at colleges and universities, these institutions have a responsibility to attend to the mental health needs of this population. Within this population, research suggests that male Asian international students hold less positive attitudes toward seeking help than their female peers (Komiya & Eells, 2001). Since the participants in this study represent an intersection of identities, the extant research from several populations will be reviewed. Specifically, literature examining college students', college men's, racial minorities', and international students' mental health needs, attitudes towards mental health resources, and help-seeking behaviors will be discussed. The literature review will also build a case for examining male Chinese international students' mental health needs. The goal of this study is to provide greater insight into how male Chinese international students perceive mental health resources. The current study utilized Consensual Qualitative Research (Hill, 2012; Hill et al. 2005; Hill et al., 1997) to examine male Chinese international students' experiences as international students, their adjustment to American culture, their mental health needs, their perceptions of mental health resources, and their help-seeking behaviors. Results indicated that participants struggled with a number of aspects of their experience as international students, v specifically the adjustment to a new language, academic challenges, difficulty with isolation, and professional dilemmas. Participants also identified positive aspects of their experiences as international students including but not limited to making friends and academic successes. Participants revealed copious challenges within their adjustment to American culture. The majority of participants reported that they enjoyed the cultural differences, although participants often noted their dislike of American culture and their preference for Chinese culture. Participants also discussed perceived discrepancies in cultural norms between American culture and Chinese culture. The majority of participants in this study had never sought psychological counseling before. The results indicated that participants were aware of a number of barriers to seeking counseling including the lack of need for counseling, the desire to manage their concerns by themselves, the fear of judgment or stigma from seeking help, the perception that counseling is not helpful, and that other resources were preferred. Participants also identified several potential reasons for seeki...
Little is known about hepatic T lymphocyte subpopulations in the human liver. The aim of this study was to document the various subpopulations present in the liver and compare them to peripheral T lymphocytes in the same patients. Normal hepatic tissue was obained at time of transplant from five patients, and a single cell suspension of lymphocytes were prepared by standard methods. Ceils were stained with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD8ct and CD8B chains, CD4, CD8, CD3, o~BTCR, and ySTCR, and analyzed by two and three colour flow cytometry. Of the hepatic CD3+ cells, 71% were CD8+ and 25% were CD4+, with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 1:3 in contrast to the peripheral CD4/CD8 ratio of 2:1.18% of the hepatic CD3+ cells expressed ySTCR. Significantly, CD8~ct accounted for 27% [mean] of the total hepatic CD8+ population. Conclusion: There is now evidence that the adult human gut can support extrathymic T cell differentation. A significant population of hepatic CD8txct cells would suggest that the liver is also a site of extrathymic differentiation, which may have important implications for the understanding of autoimmunity and graft tolerance.
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