Background: There is increasing concern about the potential effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on the developing brain. The impact of TRAP exposure on childhood behavior is not fully understood because of limited epidemiologic studies.Objective: We explored the association between early-life exposure to TRAP using a surrogate, elemental carbon attributed to traffic (ECAT), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms at 7 years of age.Methods: From the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS) birth cohort we collected data on exposure to ECAT during infancy and behavioral scores at 7 years of age. Children enrolled in CCAAPS had at least one atopic parent and a birth residence either < 400 m or > 1,500 m from a major highway. Children were followed from infancy through 7 years of age. ECAT exposure during the first year of life was estimated based on measurements from 27 air sampling sites and land use regression modeling. Parents completed the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition, when the child was 7 years of age. ADHD-related symptoms were assessed using the Hyperactivity, Attention Problems, Aggression, Conduct Problems, and Atypicality subscales.Results: Exposure to the highest tertile of ECAT during the child’s first year of life was significantly associated with Hyperactivity T-scores in the “at risk” range at 7 years of age, after adjustment [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7]. Stratification by maternal education revealed a stronger association in children whose mothers had higher education (aOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.1).Conclusions: ECAT exposure during infancy was associated with higher Hyperactivity scores in children; this association was limited to children whose mothers had more than a high school education.
Abstract. We present 5 GHz high resolution VLA observations of 2,127 radio-and X-ray-emitting sources found in both the Green Bank (GB) 5 GHz radio catalog and the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS). We report core flux densities and positions accurate to ±0.5 . Combined with the GB measurements of the total radio emission, we derive the core-to-lobe ratio of objects in our sample and discuss their core-dominance relative to samples of radio galaxies and BL Lacertae objects. Our results show the RASS/Green Bank (RGB) sample is approximately an order of magnitude more core-dominated than the radio galaxy sample, but is more than an order of magnitude less core-dominated than highly beamed BL Lacertae objects. Using simple beaming models, this indicates the typical object in the RGB catalog exhibits moderately beamed radio emission and is oriented at an angle to the lineof-sight θ RGB ∼ 25• − 35• . The case of the origin of the X-ray emission is not as clear; the data are consistent with either an anisotropic unbeamed or moderately beamed X-ray component. Tables 2 and 3 which present the RGB catalog are available in their entirety only from the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5), via the WWW at http://cdsweb.ustrasbg.fr/Abstract.html, or at ftp://ftp.astro.psu.edu /pub/edf.
These results show that preganglionic neurons in rats that are presumed to regulate choroidal blood flow through the PPG reside within the rostral medioventral SSN, and that NOS is a marker for these SSN neurons.
A technique is developed for accounting for the contribution of free convection to the evaporation from a cooling pond. Established formulas for forced (wind‐driven) evaporation are corrected for convective effects and used in a formula for surface energy balance to estimate heat fluxes and surface temperatures of cooling ponds. The resulting expression for total heat loss agrees with observed cooling pond performance better than other formulas presently in use. Surface heat loss coefficients may be derived from the new heat loss formula for use in calculating temperature rises induced by heated discharges.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.