Abstract— Stereoscopic 3‐D digital imaging holds the promise of improving the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease as well as enhancing the training and preparation of medical professionals through use of stereoscopic 3‐D displays in concert with the many volumetric visualization techniques/modalities developed in recent years. While so‐called 3‐D graphics have improved the state of computer visualization in general, 3‐D displays make full use of the human‐visual perception, and thus can provide critical insight in complex computer‐generated and video 3‐D data. The stereo 3‐D applications reviewed in this paper include screening of breast cancer and diabetic retinopathy, visualization for minimally invasive surgery, and the teaching of anatomy. Also included is a discussion of ground‐breaking results from a stereo digital mammography clinical trial under way at Emory University.
Recent discoveries of degradation mechanisms in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are reviewed. One common observation regarding the OLED reliability is the gradual increase of the diode driving voltage under forward bias. This trend reverses when the bias polarity is reversed, and the initial driving voltage can be recovered almost completely. The mobile ions are proposed to explain the phenomenon. By solving a system of transient equations governing the mobile ion motion under an external field, we obtained the transient mobile ion distributions and their contribution to the driving voltage. We found that the mobile ion model with reasonable assumptions could very well explain the experimental results. Another advancement in the field is the utilization of a single organic alloy layer to improve the device lifetime. A typical organic alloy layer consists of a mixture of hole and electron transport materials. Significant lifetime improvement over heterojunction structures is achieved with comparable efficiency. The significant improvement in the device reliability is attributed to the elimination of the heterojunction interface and the minimization of the formation of Alq3 cations. The high efficiency is achieved due to the balanced carrier injection, transport and confined recombination in the device.
The design of an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display using a polysilicon thin film transistor pixel is described. Characteristics of the OLED response in the low current regime are described and their impact on the design of integrated driver circuitry is discussed. Integrated data and select scanners which generate the signals necessary for data capture and pixel calibration are presented.
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