BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) computer technology creates a simulated environment, perceived as comparable to the real world, with which users can actively interact. The e ectiveness of VR distraction on acute pain intensity in children is uncertain. ObjectivesTo assess the e ectiveness and adverse e ects of virtual reality (VR) distraction interventions for children (0 to 18 years) with acute pain in any healthcare setting. Search methodsWe searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and four trial registries to October 2019. We also searched reference lists of eligible studies, handsearched relevant journals and contacted study authors. Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cross-over and cluster-RCTs, comparing VR distraction to no distraction, non-VR distraction or other VR distraction. Data collection and analysisWe used standard Cochrane methodological processes. Two reviewers assessed risk of bias and extracted data independently. The primary outcome was acute pain intensity (during procedure, and up to one hour post-procedure). Secondary outcomes were adverse e ects, child satisfaction with VR, pain-related distress, parent anxiety, rescue analgesia and cost. We used GRADE and created 'Summary of findings' tables. Main resultsWe included 17 RCTs (1008 participants aged four to 18 years) undergoing various procedures in healthcare settings. We did not pool data because the heterogeneity in population (i.e. diverse ages and developmental stages of children and their di erent perceptions and reactions to pain) and variations in procedural conditions (e.g. phlebotomy, burn wound dressings, physical therapy sessions), and consequent level of pain experienced, made statistical pooling of data impossible. We narratively describe results.We judged most studies to be at unclear risk of selection bias, high risk of performance and detection bias, and high risk of bias for small sample sizes. Across all comparisons and outcomes, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to low or very low due to serious study limitations and serious or very serious indirectness. We also downgraded some of the evidence for very serious imprecision. Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (Review)
Background: Globally, there are a large and growing number of researchers using biotelemetry as a tool to study aquatic animals. In Europe, this community lacks a formal network structure. The aim of this study is to review the use of acoustic telemetry in Europe and document the contribution of cross-boundary studies and inter-research group collaborations. Based on this, we explore the potential benefits and challenges of a network approach to identify future priorities and best practices for aquatic biotelemetry research in Europe. Results: Over the past decade, there was an approximately sevenfold increase in the number of acoustic telemetry studies published on marine and diadromous species in Europe compared to a sixfold increase globally. Over 90% of these studies were conducted on fishes and undertaken in coastal areas, estuaries, or rivers. 75% of these studies were conducted by researchers based in one of five nations (Norway, UK, France, Portugal, and Spain) and, even though 34% were based on collaborations between scientists from several countries, there was only one study with an acoustic receiver array that extended beyond the borders of a single country. In recent years, acoustic telemetry in European waters has evolved from studying behavioural aspects of animals (82.2%), into more holistic approaches addressing management-related issues (10%), tagging methods and effects (5%), and technology and data analysis development (2.8%). Conclusions: Despite the increasing number of publications and species tracked, there is a prominent lack of planned and structured acoustic telemetry collaborations in Europe. A formal pan-European network structure would promote the development of (1) a research platform that could benefit the acoustic telemetry community through capacity building, (2) a centralized database, and (3) key deployment sites and studies on priority species requiring research in Europe. A network may increase efficiency, expand the scope of research that can be undertaken, promote European science integration, enhance the opportunities and success of acquiring research funding and, ultimately, foster regional and transatlantic collaborations. It may also help address research priorities such as the large-scale societal challenges arising from climate change impacts and assist the EU's Marine Strategy Framework Directive via identification of good environmental status of endangered or commercially important species.
(2015) 'Foraging specialisms inuence space use and movement patterns of the European eel Anguilla anguilla. ', Hydrobiologia., 766 (1). pp. 333-348. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2466-z Publisher's copyright statement:The nal publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2466-z Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. A fixed receiver array was used to examine the movement patterns and space use of the 34 European eel Anguilla anguilla in an oligotrophic Irish lake between July and September. We 35 assessed home range size, temporal change in spatial behaviour and activity patterns of broad 36 headed (n=11) and narrow headed (n=8) morphotypes. Broad-headed individuals displayed a 37 larger home range (mean KUD 95 (km 2 ):0.296 ± 0.04 S.E.) in comparison to narrow-headed 38 individuals (mean KUD 95 (km 2 ):0.143± 0.02 S.E.). Eel activity was strongly dependent on 39 light conditions. Narrow-headed individuals' movement peaks occurred at dawn and dusk in 40 comparison to broad-headed individuals which exhibited a more stable movement pattern 41 throughout night and into dawn, suggesting that narrow-headed eels are more crepuscular in 42 nature whereas broad-headed individuals are more nocturnal. Lunar phase period also 43 influenced eel movement within the lake. These results provide valuable insights into the 44 spatio-temporal distribution of yellow eels in a lake system, demonstrating that individuality 45 in foraging behaviour has direct influence on spatial patterns. 46 47
Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, G63 0AW UK.
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