Context: The incidence of injury for elite youth and professional adult soccer players is an important concern, but the risk factors for these groups are different.Objective: To summarize and compare the injury incidences and injury characteristics of male professional adult and elite youth soccer players.Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science using the search terms elite, international, European, soccer, football, injury, injuries, epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, not female, not American football, and not rugby. We also used the search terms professional for studies on professional adult soccer players and high-level, soccer academy, youth, adolescent, and young for studies on elite youth soccer players.Study Selection: Eligible studies were published in English, had a prospective cohort design, and had a minimum study period of 6 months. To ensure that injury data were assessed in relationship to the athlete's individual exposure, we included only studies that reported on injuries and documented exposure volume.Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers applied the selection criteria and assessed the quality of the studies.Data Synthesis: A total of 676 studies were retrieved from the literature search. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria: 6 for elite youth and 12 for professional adult soccer players.Conclusions: Injury rates were higher for matches than for training for both youth and adult players. Youth players had a higher incidence of training injuries than professionals. Efforts must be made to reduce the overall injury rate in matches. Therefore, preventive interventions, such as adequately enforcing rules and focusing on fair play, must be analyzed and developed to reduce match-related injury incidences. Reducing training injuries should be a particular focus for youth soccer players.Key Words: risk factors, injury characteristics, muscles Key PointsInjury rates in matches were higher than in training for both elite youth and professional adult soccer players. The incidence of training injuries was higher in elite youth than in professional adult soccer players. The rates of the most common injury types did not differ between groups. Existing studies addressing the quality and intensity of training need to be analyzed more precisely to provide reliable comparisons between these groups. An assessment model of training intensities might protect these players from overload and subsequent injuries.

No abstract

No abstract

The Hawkins Sign proved to be a relatively reliable sign for vitality of the talus after fracture. Risk for avascular necrosis increases according to the degree of fracture dislocation.

Acute compartment syndrome of the lower extremity is a limb-threatening emergency that requires prompt surgical treatment. Early detection and decompression are necessary in order to avoid irreversible damage. In the lower extremity, compartment syndrome may occur around the pelvis, in the thigh, the lower leg or the foot. Acute compartment syndrome of the lower leg is most common. Sometimes, combined compartment syndromes of neighbouring skeletal regions are observed. In this review, the specific clinical symptoms as well as the anatomic and therapeutic characteristics of the acute compartment syndrome of the lower extremity are described.