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When data are transmitted in a wireless network, they reach the target receiver as well as other receivers in the neighborhood. Rather than a blessing, this attribute is treated as an interference-inducing nuisance in most wireless networks today (e.g., IEEE 802.11). Physical-layer network coding (PNC), however, has been proposed to take advantage of this attribute. Unlike "conventional" network coding which performs coding arithmetic on digital bit streams after they are decoded, PNC makes use of the additive nature of simultaneously arriving electromagnetic (EM) waves and applies the network coding arithmetic at the physical layer. As a result, the destructive effect of interference is eliminated and the capacity of networks is boosted significantly. A key requirement of PNC is synchronization among nodes, which has not been addressed previously. This is the focus of this paper. Specifically, we investigate the impact of imperfect synchronization (i.e., finite synchronization errors) on PNC. We show that with BPSK modulation, PNC still yields significantly higher capacity than straightforward network coding when there are synchronization errors. And interestingly, this remains to be so even in the extreme case where synchronization is not performed at all.

A rotator cuff retear is a multifactorial process with no single preoperative or intraoperative factor being overwhelmingly predictive of it. Nevertheless, rotator cuff tear size (tear dimensions, tear size area, and tear thickness) showed stronger associations with retears at 6 months after surgery than did measures of tissue quality and concomitant shoulder injuries.

Background: Rotator cuff retears after surgical repair are associated with poorer subjective and objectives clinical outcomes than intact repairs.

The short-term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing revision rotator cuff repair were similar to those after primary rotator cuff repair. However, these results did not persist, and by 2 years patients who had revision rotator cuff repair were twice as likely to have retorn compared with those undergoing primary repair. The increase in retear rate in the revision group at 2 years was associated with increased pain, impaired overhead function, less passive motion, weaker strength, and less overall satisfaction with shoulder function.

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An inpatient SAMP improved elderly patients' ability to competently manage and adhere to their prescribed medications regimen. This finding needs to be confirmed in a larger controlled trial.

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