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The Edward Snowden leaks challenge policy makers and the public's understanding and perspectives on the role of security intelligence in liberal democratic states. This article explores the challenges confronting security intelligence collection by the 'Five Eyes' countries -particularly those most affected by the leaks. We argue that the debate now needs to move beyond simplistic notions of privacy vs. security to a more detailed understanding of the policy and ethical dilemmas confronting policy makers and intelligence agencies. To that end, we provide a schematic framework (methods, context and target) to promote a better understanding of the practical, policy and ethical problems for security intelligence collection emerging post Snowden. The framework is a first step in identifying common principles that could be used develop an ethically informed set of policy guidelines to help decision makers better navigate between citizen's two basic rights: security and privacy.The tension between the legitimate collection of information for national security and the rights to privacy of the individual in liberal democratic states has increased markedly since 9/11. 1 From 9/11 onwards, in Australia and other liberal democratic countries, the threat from terrorism resulted in a number of significant changes to the laws and practices of policing and national security intelligence agencies. 2 Major reforms in the US resulted in the creation of new agencies (e.g. the Office of Director of National Intelligence, Department of Homeland Security) whereas in other liberal democracies such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand less dramatic bureaucratic reform initiatives were implemented to better coordinate the q 2015 Taylor & Francis

Cross‐curricularity, literacy and critical literacy are currently promoted as components of a curriculum appropriate for the twenty‐first century. The first two, in particular, are prescribed elements of classroom experience in Northern Ireland, which is the immediate context of this article, but also more widely in the UK. Teachers are implementing cross‐curricular and interdisciplinary initiatives, but rhetorical imperatives can translate into superficial realities. The reasons for this are explored, as are the reasons why interdisciplinary studies, literacy across the curriculum and critical literacy are deemed to be of significance for education at the present time. The ‘Making Science: Making News’ project is described, in which Key Stage 3 science and English classes worked together, with input from a research scientist and a journalist, to produce articles on space science which were published in local newspapers. The outcomes of the project are discussed from the perspectives of both teachers and learners. It is argued that this project is an example of genuine interdisciplinary activity; that it went beyond literacy skills to a deeper development of scientific discourse; and that, through its media connection, there was potential for building an ongoing awareness in pupils of critical literacy and scientific literacy.

With the rapid population growth and scarcity of developable space, especially in large cities, there is a need for increased density in both commercial and residential housing, and hence a strong demand to maximise floor space by constructing not only tall, but also slender buildings. This study considers different structural systems available for constructing slender high-rise buildings and evaluates their feasibility in terms of the lateral deformation being one of the key governing design criteria for very tall buildings. To examine the performance of different structural systems in buildings of varying height and floorplan, this study applies finite element analyses in a parametric study to compare nine different building configurations under static loading with heights varying from 80m to 460m. The study shows that buildings with square footprints can achieve greater heights over rectangular footprints with the same area and that multiple towers when connected structurally at one or more levels can achieve even greater heights.

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The European Community ESPRIT Project Buddy addresses the needs of industrial organisations to reduce information processing time, improve added and residual value of information, and reduce processing and distribution costs and “leadtimes”. It deals with the information supply‐chain as an important entity, whose performance and optimisation very significantly affect the efficiency and performance of industrial enterprises. A conceptual modelling and simulation environment is proposed for analysing information supply‐chain management strategies, policies and decisions. A decomposable, “autonomous agents” approach is adopted to specify information supply chain models. Models in turn are defined in terms of their constituent information supply chain “agents” (e.g. suppliers, buyers, distributors, etc). This includes their structural relationships, interaction “protocols” and co‐ordination policies.

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