We present constraints on cosmological parameters from the Pantheon+ analysis of 1701 light curves of 1550 distinct Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) ranging in redshift from z = 0.001 to 2.26. This work features an increased sample size, increased redshift span, and improved treatment of systematic uncertainties in comparison to the original Pantheon analysis and results in a factor of 2 improvement in cosmological constraining power. For a FlatΛCDM model, we find Ω M = 0.338 ± 0.018 from SNe Ia alone. For a Flatw 0 CDM model, we measure w 0 = −0.89 ± 0.13 from SNe Ia alone, H 0 = 72.86 +0.94 −1.06 km s −1 Mpc −1 when including the Cepheid host distances and covariance (SH0ES), and w 0 = −0.978 +0.024 −0.031 when combining the SN likelihood with constraints from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO); both w 0 values are consistent with a cosmological constant. We also present the most precise measurements to date on the evolution of dark energy in a Flatw 0 w a CDM universe, and measure w a = −0.4 +1.0 −1.8 from Pantheon+ alone, H 0 = 73.40 +0.99 −1.22 km s −1 Mpc −1 when including SH0ES, and w a = −0.65 +0.28 −0.32 when combining Pan-theon+ with CMB and BAO data. Finally, we find that systematic uncertainties in the use of SNe Ia along the distance ladder comprise less than one third of the total uncertainty in the measurement of H 0 and cannot explain the present "Hubble tension" between local measurements and early-Universe predictions from the cosmological model.

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Summary A historic analysis of human-initiated influences on the

Infrastructure clouds created ideal conditions for users to outsource their infrastructure needs by offering on-demand, shortterm access, pay-as-you-go business model, the use of virtualization technologies which provide a safe and cost-effective way for users to manage and customize their environments, and sheer convenience, as users and institutions no longer have to have specialized IT departments and can focus on their core mission instead. These key innovations however also bring challenges which include high levels of failure; lack of interoperability between cloud providers, which puts significant lock-in pressure on the user, and lack of tools that allow users to leverage the on-demand growing and shrinking of infrastructure. All these factors prevent users from capitalizing on the infrastructure cloud opportunity. In this paper we propose a multicloud auto-scaling service that enables the user to leverage "computational power on tap" provided by infrastructure clouds, i.e., allows the user to easily deploy resources across multiple private, community, and commercial clouds; provides high availability in that it allows users to replace failed resources; and scales to demand. The policies governing scaling are customizable based on system and application-specific indicators. We will describe the service architecture and implementation and discuss results obtained in the sustained deployment and management of thousands of virtual machines on EC2. General TermsManagement, Design, Experimentation.

This paper describes a 13-weeks, third-year course in Environmental Planning and Management developed and taught by the authors. Initiated in 1969, the course consists of a mix of lectures, seminars, workshop/laboratory sessions and fie/d-based projects. The objectives of the course are for students: to become aware of the need for, and the complexities of, environmental management; to be able to criticise constructively work done by environmental agencies and consultants, managers and decision makers; and to/earn and apply some of the methods and techniques used in environmental management.Topics covered by the current syllabus are: concepts of 'resource' and 'environment'; constitutional aspects; international law and the environment; Australian and Canadian environmental legislation and agencies; human manipulation of ecosystems; energy subsidies; modification of biogeochemica/ cycles; population dynamics and cropping; fisheries; national parks and reserves -policies in different countries; international heritage areas; environmental assessment (including impact assessment, /and evaluation, /and capability and /and suitability assessment); and regional, integrated land-use and environmental planning and management. Techniques taught include: fie/c/surveys and interviewing; laboratory analysis of selected water quality, sediment and soil parameters including nutrient concentrations, heavy metal and pesticide residues; and for some students, applications of geographic information systems (G/S) technology following preceding G/S courses.A major problem is selecting the most appropriate mix between the social and natural sciences -'appropriate" first in terms of students' heterogeneous ski/Is and backgrounds, and second, in terms of understanding the causes of environmental problems and issues, and devising practicable solutions. /