Abstract. The natural salinization of Souf sandy Terminal Complex groundwater notably Pontian and Mio-Pliocene has increased four times for the last 30 years, because of over pumping for drinking and irrigation. Application of the multivariate statistical modelling and the Water Quality Index (WOI) to evaluate the groundwater variables have been done, by the investigation of water samples collected from 25 boreholes, in May 2018. Cluster analysis identified three main water types based on the major ionic contents. Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis methods confirmed the cluster analysis results. The water groups have sodi-potassic facies which dominate in the western part of Souf, compared to the eastern part and they have generally poor quality. An osmosis phenomenon allowed the homogenization of Pontian and Mio-Pliocene groundwater. The contact of Terminal Complex with the Eocene dolomite and Senonian evaporitic allows introducing a new preferential dissolution corridors concept in which an underground leaching front occurs with the increased pumping. Overlying sandy rocks subsidence can be produced gradually with a rise in the static groundwater level because of the leached underground Senonian evaporitic rocks. Closure of wells intersecting the evaporitic layers and minimizing of pumping from Terminal Complex groundwater in the Southwest part of Souf is strongly recommended, and the groundwater is requiring treatment before supply.
The fractured groundwater aquifers, predominantly found in South Africa, show varying groundwater chemical characteristics in various locations. The hydrochemistry of groundwater is affected by the weathering of rock formations in contact and anthropogenic activities. Determination of groundwater chemistry is important for aquifer protection and overall groundwater management. A hydrochemical analysis is a useful tool for identification of water types, chemical composition, its suitability for specified purposes, and an important requirement for water use licensing applications. The hydrochemical data of groundwater from 79 boreholes near Leliefontein, Kamiesberg local municipality of South Africa, were analysed, using integrated statistical, geostatistics and spatial interpolation methods. The result shows Na+ and Cl − to be the abundant cation and anion. The mean concentration of Na at Leliefontein was 267.39 mg/l, and that of Cl was 574.81 mg/l. The ionic concentrations in groundwater was in sequence of Cl − > Na + > HCO 3-> SO 4 2-> Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > NO 3-> Si > K + > F-. The analysis indicated that the cation exchanges in groundwater are influenced by limited silicate weathering, with calcite and dolomite dissolution. Geostatistical and spatial analysis interpolation for the major cation (Na) and major anion (Cl), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Water Quality Index (WQI) was performed using Inverse Distance Weighing method. The hydrochemical data for the Leliefontein groundwater were analysed to classify water for domestic use (drinking) and agriculture (irrigation) purposes, based on the recommended guidelines of the South African National Standard (SANS). The study area was characterised by high salinity of three water types, viz, Na-Cl seawater type, Ca-Cl reverse ion-exchange water type, and Na-HCO 3 base ion-exchange water types. About 70-80% of the boreholes in Leliefontein met the requirement for irrigation application for Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazard analysis, while the groundwater generally required further treatment before domestic use.
This paper review and analyze the sustainability of rural water systems facilitated by Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) in Ghana in both their capacity to continue to deliver adequate, safe and quality water for all the people of Kwamekrom township and surrounding villages. The paper focus on a case study of the sustainability of small-town piped water systems; the main used technology in rural areas of the Volta Region in Ghana. Part of the project was the implementation of infrastructure and building capacities in the community to manage and use their system after project completion. A recent development is that CWSA is shifting from community ownership and management (COM) towards participation in management, a shift that is expected to ensure the sustainability of the water systems. The study aimed to analyze the viability of the Kwamekrom water supply system in the Volta Region of Ghana, which was under the COM system utilizing a survey mechanism. The study revealed based on performance indexes indicated that the Kwamekrom water system was not sustainable under the COM. The result was mainly due to poor financial management and lack of adequate technical expertise coupled with socio-political impact under the COM. The new reform towards participation in the management of rural water supply is, therefore, an approach which could lead to sustainability.
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