Germinated brown rice (GBR) is considered a healthy alternative to white rice in the fight against chronic diseases. As the functional quality of GBR depends on genotype and germination conditions, the objectives were to identify suitable Ecuadorian brown rice cultivars and optimal germination time and temperature to maximise γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenolics compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity of GBR. Regression models for the prediction of phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity in GBR were also obtained. Germination improved GABA, TPC and antioxidant activity in all cultivars. Maximum GABA and antioxidant activity were attained at 34 °C for 96 h, while the highest TPC was found at 28 °C for 96 h in all cultivars. GBR cv. GO displayed the highest antioxidant activity and cv. 15 was the most effective at accumulating GABA and TPC in the optimal germination conditions. Therefore, Ecuadorian GBR could be used for the preparation of functional foods serving as preventative strategies in combating chronic diseases.

The effect of germination conditions on the nutritional benefits of germinated brown rice flour (GBR) bread has been determined. The proximate composition, phytic acid, in vitro protein digestibility and in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of starch, glucose and starch content, as well as the most relevant bioactive compounds (GABA, γ-oryzanol and total phenolic compounds) and antioxidant activity of breads prepared with GBR at different germination conditions was determined. When comparing different germination times (0 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h), germination for 48 h provides GBR bread with nutritionally superior quality on the basis of its higher content of protein, lipids and bioactive compounds (GABA and polyphenols), increased antioxidant activity and reduced phytic acid content and glycaemic index, although a slight decrease in in vitro protein digestibility was detected. Overall, germination seems to be a natural and sustainable way to improving the nutritional quality of gluten-free rice breads.

Germinated brown rice (GBR) has been suggested as an approach to mitigate highly prevalent diseases providing nutrients and biologically active compounds. In this study, the content of γ-oryzanol, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity of soaked BR (for 24 h at 28°C) and GBR (for 48 and 96 h at 28°C and 34°C) were determined and the effect of sun-drying as an economically affordable process was assessed. Germination improved the content of GABA, TPC and antioxidant activity in a time-dependent manner. Sun-drying increased γ-oryzanol, TPC and antioxidant activity, whereas GABA content fluctuated depending on the previous germination conditions. The main finding of this study indicates that sun-drying is an effective process promoting the accumulation of bioactive compound of GBR. Sundried GBR can be consumed as ready-to-eat food after rehydration or included in bakery products to fight non-communicable diseases.

(150-250) 27 Germinated brown rice (GBR) is considered healthier than brown rice (BR) but its nutritive value has been hardly 28 studied. Since nutritive quality of GBR depends on genetic diversity and germination conditions, six Ecuadorian 29 BR varieties were germinated at 28 and 34 ºC for 48 and 96 h in darkness and proximate composition, dietary fiber 30 fractions, phytic acid content as well as degree of protein hydrolysis and peptide content were studied. Protein, 31 lipids, ash and available carbohydrate ranged 7.3-10.4%, 2.0-4.0%, 0.8-1.5% and 71.6 to 84.0%, respectively, in 32 GBR seedlings. Total dietary fiber increased during germination (6.1-13.6%), with a large proportion of insoluble 33 fraction, while phytic acid was reduced noticeably. In general, protein hydrolysis occurred during germination was 34 more accused at 28 ºC for 48 h. These results suggest that GBR can be consumed directly as nutritive staple food 35for a large population worldwide contributing to their nutritional requirements.

The suitability of germinated brown rice (GBR) for developing novel multifunctional yogurt-like products was evaluated. Crude brown rice, soaked brown rice and GBR for 48 h and 96 h were fermented (F-CBR, F-SBR, F-GBR48 and F-GBR96, respectively). The viability of the starter culture, acidification pattern, techno-functional properties, content of bioactive compounds [phenolic compounds, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and gamma-oryzanol], biological activity [antioxidant and angiotensin Iconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities] and sensory attributes were evaluated. Fermentation did not modify proximate composition but improved phenolic and GABA contents as well as ACE-inhibitory activity and consistency index of yogurt-like products. Among them, F-GBR96 exhibited the highest phenolic (15.2 mg GAE/100g) and GABA (1.9 mg/100g) concentrations, antioxidant activity (46.9 μg TE/100g) and ACE-inhibition (61.5%) and was well accepted by panellists.

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Rice bran (RB) is a valuable byproduct derived from rice milling that represents an excellent opportunity for dietary inclusion. Bioactive components with antioxidant potential have been reported in RB, gaining the considerable attention of researchers. However, RB requires a stabilization process after milling to prevent it from becoming rancid and promote its commercial consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting stabilized rice bran (SRB) for wheat flour at levels of 10, 15, 20 and 25% on the proximate composition, dietary fiber, dough rheology, antioxidant properties, content of bioactive compounds, and sensory attributes of white wheat-based bread. Results indicated that the incorporation of SRB increased the bread’s insoluble dietary fiber, phytic acid, total polyphenol content, γ-oryzanol, γ-aminobutyric acid, and antioxidant properties, while decreased its water absorption capacity, elasticity, volume, β-glucans, and soluble dietary fiber content. Moreover, substituting wheat flour for SRB at levels higher than 15% affected sensory attributes, such as color, odor, flavor, and softness. This study highlights the potential application of SRB flour in bread-making to increase nutritional, and functional properties of white wheat bread.

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