Recognition of antigen by T cells requires the formation of a specialized junction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell. This junction is generated by the recruitment and the exclusion of specific proteins from the contact area. The mechanisms that regulate these events are unknown. Here we demonstrate that ligand engagement of the adhesion molecule, CD2, initiates a process of protein segregation, CD2 clustering, and cytoskeletal polarization. Although protein segregation was not dependent on the cytoplasmic domain of CD2, CD2 clustering and cytoskeletal polarization required an interaction of the CD2 cytoplasmic domain with a novel SH3-containing protein. This novel protein, called CD2AP, is likely to facilitate receptor patterning in the contact area by linking specific adhesion receptors to the cytoskeleton.
Children ingesting oral hypoglycemics should be admitted to a health care facility for 24 h observation. In this series a single tablet produced hypoglycemia.
Introduction Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) constitutes a considerable portion of the global injury burden, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Prehospital care can address TSCI morbidity and mortality, but emergency medical services are lacking in LMICs. The current standard of prehospital care for TSCI in sub-Saharan Africa and other LMICs is unknown. Methods This review sought to describe the state of training and resources for prehospital TSCI management in sub-Saharan Africa and other LMICs. Articles published between 1 January 1995 and 1 March 2020 were identified using PMC, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Inclusion criteria spanned first responder training programs delivering prehospital care for TSCI. Two reviewers assessed full texts meeting inclusion criteria for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and extracted relevant characteristics to assess trends in the state of prehospital TSCI care in sub-Saharan Africa and other LMICs. Results Of an initial 482 articles identified, 23 met inclusion criteria, of which ten were set in Africa, representing eight countries. C-spine immobilization precautions for suspected TSCI patients is the most prevalent prehospital TSCI intervention for and is in every LMIC first responder program reviewed, except one. Numerous first responder programs providing TSCI care operate without C-collar access (n = 13) and few teach full spinal immobilization (n = 5). Rapid transport is most frequently reported as the key mortality-reducing factor (n = 11). Despite more studies conducted in the Southeast Asia/Middle East (n = 13), prehospital TSCI studies in Africa are more geographically diverse, but responder courses are shorter, produce fewer professional responders, and have limited C-collar availability. Discussion Deficits in training and resources to manage TSCI highlights the need for large prospective trials evaluating alternative C-spine immobilization methods for TCSI that are more readily available across diverse LMIC environments and the importance of understanding resource variability to sustainably improve prehospital TSCI care.
Engineering is a field that interacts with its surroundings by applying science to practical problems. In developing future engineers, teaching the technical fundamentals is only part of the task; engineering programs must also develop engineers that are able to apply those skills into the real world. Example problems are sometimes shown in classes, but lack the interactivity necessary to instill the skill in students. Introducing students to entrepreneurship directly promotes creativity and marketplace connection while indirectly instilling connection to real world problems and promoting scholarly and pre-professional identity within engineering.Here we introduce foundations to an entrepreneurial mindset to freshmen and sophomores via online modules, which we developed and piloted this academic year. We have previously built a one-credit, online, pass/fail course, Engineering Virtual Studio (EVS), that builds understanding across foundational coursework and into real-world relevance through discussions with peers and upperclassman mentors. Our new Entrepreneurial KEEN Modules integrate into EVS investigations into market and society driven problems, to which students explore solutions in consultation with campus and local experts, all in an integrative context. This instills a mindset of problem establishment and problem solving as cornerstones to foster real-world relevance, motivation, and goals for students beginning as early as possible in their undergraduate study. This entrepreneurial foundation helps provide context and relevance to foundational material, and fosters independence and personally relevant vantage points on coursework and the whole of the major. Here we report on our work-in-progress and initial formative assessment of performance and motivation of students in the entrepreneurial modules.
We have built a computational laboratory sequence within a junior-level quantitative physiology course within a biomedical engineering major. The course integrates mathematical, engineering, and biological perspectives into foundations of bioinstrumentation, models of physiology, and interfaces with physiological systems. We designed the computational labs to foster deeper and more facile understanding of core concepts as illustrated through dynamic system modeling. Here we assessed how students built this flexible facility, through assays of lab performance, practicum examination, and post-course survey. We conclude that the computational labs generated a framework for integrative and innovative understanding of course material.
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