Canine cholelithiasis is considered to be an uncommon condition and is frequently cited as being an incidental finding. However, there is a paucity of contemporary literature to support these assertions. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to report the prevalence, clinical presentation, and long-term follow-up of cholelithiasis in dogs. The electronic database at the Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow was searched to identify dogs that were diagnosed with cholelithiasis on ultrasound between 2010 and 2018. Sixty-eight dogs were identified, giving an overall prevalence of cholelithiasis in our hospital of 0.97% (confidence interval 0.76–1.22%). Medical records of 61 dogs were available for review. Cholelithiasis was classified as an incidental finding in 53 (86.9%) dogs, with 8 (13.1%) dogs being classified as symptomatic, having complications of cholelithiasis that included biliary duct obstruction, biliary peritonitis, emphysematous cholecystitis, and acute cholecystitis. Follow-up was available for 39 dogs, with only 3 dogs (7.7%) developing complications attributed to cholelithiasis, including biliary duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis, within the subsequent 2 yr. Cholelithiasis is an uncommon but frequently incidental finding in dogs. Within the follow-up period, few of the dogs with incidental cholelithiasis went on to be become symptomatic.
Reactions of guilt and shame are conspicuous in the context of genetic counseling, and the relief of their distressing aspects is a widely held goal of genetic counselors. They are in a unique position to accomplish this; however, guidelines as to how one might proceed are not readily available. We have considered guilt and shame responses and have attempted to differentiate them, dynamically and developmentally, and have pointed out how each might be manifested in the course of genetic counseling. The major counseling tactics by means of which the alleviation or reduction of feelings of guilt and shame might be achieved are outlined and case illustrations are provided in which actual and potential counseling situations are explored and discussed.
A seven-year-old female, neutered, domestic short-haired cat was presented with right-sided hydroureter and hydronephrosis secondary to ureterolithiasis. A subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device was placed via mid-line coeliotomy using fluoroscopic assistance. On routine examination 25 months after placement (three months after previous evaluation), urine could not be aspirated from the SUB port, and patency of the cystostomy catheter could not be confirmed under ultrasonographic flushing. Radiographs were performed and showed dislodgement and migration of the bladder catheter from the polyethylene terephthalate (‘Dacron’, Norfolk Vet Products, Skokie, Illinois, USA) cuff. No free abdominal fluid was present, and renal parameters and electrolytes were within normal limits. Fluoroscopic evaluation of the SUB device showed the native ureter was patent. Revision surgery was performed without complication. This complication has not been previously reported with the SUB device.
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