The experiences of Taiwanese women caring for parents-in-law Using grounded theory, semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted to explore the experiences of Taiwanese women who were caregivers for their parents-in-law. Thirty-one Taiwanese women aged 23-58 participated in this study. 'Just doing' emerged as the core category and reflected the Taiwanese women caregivers' process of striving to continue to fulfil the demands of their role during the period of commitment to their parents-in-law's care. The related categories surrounding the core category in the paradigm for this study include: being called, caring for, holding up, keeping harmony, and maintaining filial piety. 'Being called' reflected the reasons that these women became caregivers to their parents-in-law under circumstances heavily influenced by cultural expectations. 'Caring for' provided the context for activities involved in providing daily comfort, keeping watch and seeking assistance when necessary. The category of 'holding up' reflected the caregiver's interpretation of her duty, the extent of the difficulties she experienced and her responses to those difficulties. A philosophy of life, which strongly emphasizes 'keeping harmony' influenced how the caregiver interpreted her caregiving role and her ability to ask for assistance or more resources to overcome difficulties posed by the situation. Maintaining filial piety was identified as a primary duty, a lifelong commitment and a desired outcome. However, striving to achieve this outcome resulted in differing caregiver perceptions, ranging from serenity to personal self-sacrifice. The findings clearly suggested that caregiving behaviours were influenced by cultural expectations when the parent-in-law was ill. This study of Taiwanese women caregivers' experiences may be beneficial in facilitating the development of a comprehensive policy for long-term care as well as suggesting possible intervention strategies for individual and family care. Recommendations for future research focus on cultural determinants of caregiving roles and coping strategies.
A recently described mitochondrial membrane protein-specific monoclonal antibody, APO2.7, was examined for monitoring early apoptotic responses in anti-CD95 (7C11)-induced Jurkat cells. Jurkat cells were harvested at 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 12, and 18 h after induction of apoptosis, and APO2.7 antibody monitored in unprocessed (no permeabilization agent used prior to staining) and processed (permeabilized prior to staining) cells. Light-scatter changes (decreased forward-scatter and increased side-scatter) by flow cytometry were observed after 3 h, and detection of cell permeability in unprocessed cells, as measured by light microscopic examination of Trypan blue-stained cells and flow cytometric detection of tubulin, showed little change until after 6 h. In addition, unprocessed cells stained with APO2.7 antibody showed little increase in staining until after 6 h following induction of apoptosis, when DNA fragmentation was demonstrated by flow cytometry and gel electrophoresis; however, processed cells stained with APO2.7 antibody showed significant increase in staining after 1.5 h. Detection, using annexin V and flow cytometry, of phospholipid membrane asymmetry from exposure of phosphatidylserine showed greater, apparent nonspecific staining in noninduced cells as compared to the other markers of apoptosis, but nearly paralleled the results of APO2.7 staining in processed cells from 3-18 h following CD95 induction of apoptosis. The data presented herein indicate that the mitochondrial membrane protein-specific antibody, APO2.7, is useful as a marker for the detection of apoptotic cells.
The findings provide a foundation for increased understanding of the perceived gaps between residents' aspirations about quality care and priorities identified in other studies. Additional studies based on these data are planned in order to generate a culturally relevant, psychometrically sound resident assessment tool to evaluate the quality of care from a resident perspective in long-term care facilities in Taiwan.
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