Breastfeeding seems to be a safe feeding practice for infants born at term and small for gestational age, showing no association with deleterious short-term outcomes. Breastfeeding stimulation in these populations seems to be a way of preventing the health problems associated with the high risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases and obesity.

Although the biological implications of these findings remain to be determined, considering that HBV is highly contagious and most recipients of banked human milk are preterm infants, these findings should be taken into account when donors are enlisted for human milk banks without serological screening.

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D en los candidatos a cirugía bariátrica (CB) y su relación con factores de riesgo y los componentes del síndrome metabólico. Material y métodos: los parámetros clínicos, antropométricos y bioquímicos se midieron en 56 pacientes caucásicos incluidos en un protocolo de cirugía bariátrica entre enero y junio de 2014. Los pacientes fueron estratificados en tres grupos de acuerdo al status de vitamina D: suficiencia (≥ 40 ng/ml), insuficiencia (40-20 ng/ml) y deficiencia (< 20 ng/ml). Resultados: se observó deficiencia de vitamina D en el 75% de los pacientes. Estos pacientes tenían mayor índice de masa corporal (p = 0,006) y concentraciones plasmáticas mas bajas de PTH (p = 0,045). Además, hubo más pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y dislipemia (DLPM) en el grupo con niveles de 25 (OH) D < 20 ng/ml. Asimismo la 25 (OH) D se correlacionó negativamente con la masa grasa (r =-0,504; p = 0,009), el IMC (r =-0,394; p = 0,046) y la hipertensión arterial (r =-0,637; p = 0,001). Conclusión: De nuestros hallazgos concluimos que la deficiencia de vitamina D es muy común entre los candidatos a CB y que la misma está asociada con DM2 y DLPM. Aunque hay pocos datos sobre el mejor tratamiento para el bajo nivel de vitamina D en los pacientes candidatos CB, la detección de la deficiencia de vitamina D debe realizarse de forma rutinaria en estos casos. 25-hydroxy vitamin D and syndrome metabolic components in candidates to bariatric surgery Vitamina D y componentes del síndrome metabólico en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica

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ResumoEm um total de 364 vacas portadoras de mastite subclínica e 1398 quartos mamários examinados, 555 amostras de leite foram coletadas durante os anos de 1996 e 1997 de 64 propriedades, em 15 municípios da região Norte/Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As amostras de leite foram testadas a partir de CMT (California Mastitis Test) e 128 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus foram isoladas e identificadas após análise de rotina laboratorial. Antibiogramas foram realizados, testando-se 15 antibióticos diferentes para definir o padrão de sensibilidade. Nos testes para os b-lactâmicos 96,1% das cepas foram resistentes (R), nenhuma cepa se enquadrou na faixa intermediária ( I ) e 3,9% mostraram sensibilidade (8) à penicilina; seus derivados semi-sintéticos foram oxacilina 87,0 R, 5,3% I e 7,6% 8; ampicilina 99,2 R e 0,8% 8 e nenhuma intermediária, amoxicilina 88,2% R, 9,8% I e 2,0 8; para os b-lactâmicos cefalotina 96% 8, 0,9% R, 3,1% I e cefoxitina 71 ,6% 8, 5,5% R e 22,8% I. Todas as cepas foram 100% sensíveis à gentamicina, sulfazotrim e vancomicina. Nenhuma das cepas isoladas foi resistente à meticilina quando utilizada a concentração padrão de 25mg/ml da droga para testes de cepas de origem humana {clone brasileiro MR8A III::B:A) Palavras-chave: mastite bovina; meticilina; resistência; Staphylococcus aureus. AbstractFrom 364 subclinical mastitic dairy cows and 1398 quarters examined, a total of 555 milk samples were collected during 1996 and 1997 in 64 dairy farms in 15 municipalities of Northern 8tate of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ali samples were CMT (California Mastitis Test) tested and 128 strains of Staphy/ococcus aureus identified after routine laboratorial analyses. Fifteen different antibiotic tests were performed and susceptibility profiles of the strains were evaluated. For beta-lactamic, 96,1% of the strains were resistant (R), 3,9% susceptible (8) and none was intermediary ( I ) to Penicillin. Towards penicillin semi-synthetic beta-lactamics, the strains showed 87%R, 7,6%8 and 5,3%1 to Oxacillin, 99,2%R, 0,88 0%1 to Ampicillin and 88,2%, 2,0%8 and 9,8%1 to Amoxicillin. Towards Cephalotin, 96% of strains were 8, 3,1 %R, and 0,9%1. For Cephoxitin the figures were 71%8, 5,5%R and 22,8%1. Ali strains tested (1 00%) were susceptible to Gentamycin, 8ulphazotrim and Vancomycin. None of the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated were Methicillin-resistant to 25mg/ml a dose used to test S. aureus strains from human origin (Brazilian MR8A III::B:A) Keywords: bovine mastitis, methicillin, resistance, Staphylococcus aureus. IntroduçãoMastites são processos inflamatórios agudos ou crônicos das glândulas mamárias, caracterizados pelo aumento de células somáticas no leite, proveniente da glândula afetada e considerada a doença de maior custo aos criadores de gado de leite, resultando em perdas econômicas (DeGraves e Fetrow, 1993 ; Germano e Germano, 1995).Os quadros de mastite prolongada ou crônica levam a contí-nua mudança na constituição dos tecidos da glândula e tecidos produtores de leite que são substituídos por t...

Introduction: The association between the increased incidence of microcephaly and the epidemic outbreak of Zika virus infection (ZIKV) in Brazil between 2015 and 2016 was observed by many authors. World Health Organization declared it as a public health emergency of international concern. Maternal infection with the Zika virus can be transmitted vertically and lead to Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in infants. So that it is important to investigate the clinical-epidemiological profile of the mothers and their newborns. Aims: To characterize the clinical- epidemiological profile of pregnant women associated with presumed ZIKV in pregnancy and their newborns diagnosed with microcephaly at birth and associated with CZS. Methods: A sectional study, using medical record data, between September 2015 and June 2016. Results: 82 cases of microcephaly were reported in maternity during this period. Of these, 32 cases were excluded because they did not fit the new microcephaly criteria according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health of Brazil. The mean maternal age was 25 years, varying from 13 and 43 years old; exanthema was the only symptom related to Zika virus infection and it was observed in 60% (27/45) of the pregnancies, which occurred predominantly during the first or the second trimester of pregnancy. Other mothers were asymptomatic. Related to the newborns, 62% (31/50) were female; 32% (16/50) were low weight; 2% (1/50) were premature. Neonatal brain ultrasound showed 70,4% (31/44) of the neonates with abnormal findings, mainly calcifications that occurred in 87% (27/31). 29 newborns were submitted to fundoscopy examinations and 38% (11/29) were abnormal. Conclusion: Despite the majority of pregnant women did not have classic symptoms of arboviruses and because of this the suspicion and confirmation of Zika viruses infection through serologies are difficult in clinical practice, it is important to understand clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to Zika viruses infection and the CZS to allow mapping where preventive measures should be directed and better investigated as well as to offer an adequate follow-up to the infected neonates according to their outcomes.

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O presente trabalho apresenta aspecto do processo de desinstitucionalização que surgiu da necessidade de reformular a assistência em saúde mental, do modelo hospitalocêntrico para o psicossocial. Pois muitas denúncias de membros da sociedade alegavam modelos de exclusão aos cuidados necessários ao direito humano social.