No abstract

Macroinvertebrate assemblages of large alluvial streams are poorly documented. This study identified the physical characteristics affecting the macroinvertebrates community distribution in a large alluvial river devoid of major anthropogenic impacts. It was oriented towards the influence of the characteristics of the physical habitat (velocity, depth, grain-size classes of mineral substrates, macrophytes) on macroinvertebrates (richness, density, body size, feeding habits), with particular attention to the pollution-sensitive taxa.The study was carried out in June during a period of hydrological stability. The effects of water velocity, depth and substrates on taxa were evaluated with multivariate analyses. Mineral substrates were most abundant while macrophytes accounted for only 3% of sampled habitat. Invertebrates that were present were those characteristics of the transition zone between upper and middle life reaches. Among the 63 taxa sampled, 14 were abundant. In relation to the characteristics of the physical environment, the macroinvertebrate assemblages were discriminated by substrate, velocity, and depth. Habitat exploitation, however, appeared complex. The highest community richness, EPT richness, and density were found in various substrates where the velocity ranged between 30 and 120 cm s )1 , depths ranged from 16 to 50 cm. The most pollution-sensitive taxa preferred riffle habitats with velocities >70 cm s )1 and substrate >64 mm. This suggest that rapid bioassessment programmes should be carried out in the mineral substrates of the geomorphological unit riffles where richness is high and density sufficient to represent the macroinvertebrate community, including pollution-sensitive taxa.

Les Ciliés sont une composante importante du nano-et du micro-plancton des eaux stagnantes, mais peu d'attention a été porté sur la part qu'ils pouvaient prendre dans les eaux courantes. Nous avons réalisé, de juin à octobre 1996, une étude bimensuelle des Ciliés du potamoplancton de la Loire moyenne, comparativement à l'examen des algues et des Rotifères qui abondent certaines années en étiage, dans cette partie du fleuve. Deux sites, situés en ordre 8, respectivement à 550 km et à 640 km de la source du fleuve, ont été échantillonnées.Les augmentations de la teneur en oxygène dissous, des matières en suspension, de la DB05 et des teneurs en chlorophylle a, associées à la baisse de la teneur en éléments nutritifs, sont typiques des eaux eutrophes. La communauté algale, dominée par les Chlorophytes et les Bacillariophytes, atteint son maximum de développement fin juillet (avec respectivement 40. Comme dans les milieux stagnants, dans cette partie eutrophe de fleuve, la matière organique disponible favorise le dévelop-pement de Ciliés et de Rotifères consommateurs d'algues et de bactéries. Le rapport hétérotrophes / autotrophes, exprimé en carbone, passe de 0,34 en amont à 0,17 en aval ; il illustre le rôle régulateur des Rotifères filtreurs, dont la régression en aval attribuée aux travaux de terrassement et amplifiée par la prédation invertébrée, a favorisé le développement des Chlorophycées. La biomasse en carbone des Rotifères est supérieure à celle des Ciliés, mais, en fin d'été, ces derniers jouent un rôle important dans les transferts d'énergie au sein de cet écosystème fluvial.Phytoplankton, ciliate and rotifer development at two stations in the Middle Loire river (France), during a period of low water flow

The impact of climate change and of other anthropogenic pressures on the structure and composition of phytoplankton communities of large European rivers remains poorly documented. Here we report the findings of a study of the changes in the phytoplankton community of the middle segment of the river Loire over the past 24 years. An attempt is made to distinguish between the impact of changes acting at the local scale and that of those acting more globally. A dramatic reduction in phytoplankton abundance was observed, particularly in the mid -1990s; this was concomitant with an increase in the relative proportion of cyanobacteria. At the same time, the phytoplankton community displayed increasing richness and diversity, and little change in its size structure. All these changes seem to be related to local changes, in particular to the reduction in phosphorus concentrations, as well as to changes in climate, throughout modifications in the river discharge and water temperature. Interestingly, herbicide contamination also appeared to be of particular importance in explaining the unexpected increase in the proportion of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton community after the 1990s. These findings suggest that combinations of numerous anthropogenic pressures acting at different spatial and temporal scales have led to a mix of predictable and unpredictable changes occurring in the phytoplankton community of the river Loire, with probable consequences for the trophic networks in this river.