Abstract. Serial diffraction of proteins requires an injection method to deliver protein moleculespreferably uncharged, fully hydrated, spatially oriented, and with high flux -into the crossed beams of an alignment laser and a focused probe beam of electrons or X-rays of typically only a few tens of microns diameter. The aim of this work has been to examine several potential droplet sources as to their suitability for this task. We compare Rayleigh droplet sources, electrospray sources, nebulizers and aerojet-focused droplet sources using time-resolved optical images of the droplet beams. Shrinkage of droplets by evaporation as a means of removing most of the water surrounding the proteins is discussed. Experimental measurements of droplet size, conformation of proteins after passing through a Rayleigh jet, and triboelectric charging are presented and conclusions are drawn about the source configuration for serial diffraction. First experimental X-ray diffraction patterns from Rayleigh droplet beams doped with 100nm gold balls are shown.
When performing serial measurements of mean corneal power, the greatest consistency was achieved with no tears or with instillation of HypoTears or Tears Naturale II.
ranks 21st among the largest urban areas in the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 1996). Major urban areas represent densely populated communities with uneven housing and economic development and problems of class, race, unemployment, crime, poor schooling, and health (Banfield, 1968, p. 11). Many problems go unaddressed, becoming critical, because they affect a disadvantaged minority of the
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