This article investigates how a change in minimum nurse staffing regulation for California skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) affects nurse employment and how induced changes in nurse staffing affect patient mortality. In 2000, legislation increased the minimum nurse staffing standard and altered the calculation of nurse staffing, which created incentives to shift employment to lower skilled nurse labor. SNFs constrained by the new regulation increase absolute and relative hours worked by the lowest skilled type of nurse. Using this regulation change to instrument for measured nurse staffing levels, it is determined that increases in nurse staffing reduce on-site SNF patient mortality.
here are currently about 53 million family and friends providing care and assistance to loved ones in the United States, an increase of 9.5 million caregivers between 2015 to 2020 (AARP and National Alliance for Caregiving, 2020). These family members, hereafter "family caregivers" or "caregivers," are a crucial element of the long-term care system. They provide assistance with everyday activities, such as eating, bathing, dressing, driving, and taking medications (Amerigroup Corporation, 2014). The total value of long-term services and supports (LTSS)
The research discussed in this report was conducted for a project entitled "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Special and Incentive Pays for Aviators." The purpose of the project was to develop an analytic capability for determining the efficient amount of special and incentive (S&I) pay for career enlisted aviators (CEA) in the Air Force given the cost of producing an additional trained CEA, the cost of S&I pay to retain them, and their retention behavior in response to changes in S&I pay. The project builds on an earlier project that developed a similar capability for Air Force rated officers, documented in Mattock et al. (2019). The research summarized in this report lays the foundation for the analysis of CEA retention by providing contextual background information about CEAs, documenting the retention profiles of CEAs and the S&I pays available to them, and extending RAND Corporation's Dynamic Retention Model to model the retention profiles of CEAs. This project should be of interest to those concerned with modeling the effects on retention of military compensation and S&I pays. Future work will build on this analysis to develop the capability to determine the efficient amount of S&I pay for Air Force CEAs.The research reported here was commissioned by AF/A1P and conducted within the Manpower, Personnel, and Training Program of Project AIR FORCE.
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Low-income households not required to file often fail to receive benefits provided through the tax code. In 2008, the US government made people with at least $3,000 in earnings eligible for a stimulus payment if they filed a tax return. Using eligibility for this credit as an instrument for filing, we find with administrative data that filing reduces the probability of living in poverty in future years, which is a result of increases in EITC claiming, workforce attachment, and earnings. These results demonstrate that temporary incentives to participate in the tax system have persistent real effects on economic activity and poverty. (JEL H24, I32, I38)
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