A lab-scale low-power free-running radio frequency (RF) oscillator operating at a frequency of 27.12 ± 0.50 MHz was developed to be suitable for fundamental microbiological research topics. Calibration and validation were conducted for two common foodborne pathogens in relevant microbiological growth media, i.e., Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in Tryptic Soy Broth and Brain–Heart Infusion broth, respectively. The evolution of temperature, frequency, and power consumption was monitored during treatments, both with and without bacterial cells. The setup operated within the predefined frequency range, reaching temperatures of 71–76 °C after 15 min. The average power consumption ranged between 12 and 14 W. The presence of bacteria did not significantly influence the operational parameters. The inactivation potential of the RF setup was validated, demonstrating the absence of viable cells after 8 and 10 min of treatment, for S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, respectively. In future studies, the setup can be used to conduct fundamental microbiological studies on RF inactivation. The setup can provide added value to the scientific field, since (i) no consensus has been reached on the inactivation mechanisms of RF inactivation of pathogens in foods and (ii) most commercial RF setups are unsuitable to adopt for fundamental studies.
In an attempt to enhance the understanding of fracture growth in fluvial systems, this paper provides an analysis of the impact of depositional environments and associated heterogeneities on hydraulic fracturing growth in fluvial tight gas reservoirs. A 3D geostatistical reservoir model, representing a 160-acre field area, was created based on a 3D meandering fluvial tight gas geologic model developed from outcrop. This detailed geologic model differentiates between sandstone-dominated channel- belt environments including point bars, crevasse channels, and crevasse splays as well as the intervening overbank environments consisting of mudstone and coal deposits. Petrophysical properties and reservoir conditions, used in the reservoir model, were based on subsurface data from nearby producing fields with comparable fluvial systems. Two different well locations were then chosen within the 3D model in an effort to capture various sandstone body distributions. A range of hydraulic fracture orientation planes, associated with the two well locations, were chosen and loaded into a 3D hydraulic fracture modeling package. Various stimulation treatment sensitivities, representing eight cases, were performed. Results show that consideration of both vertical and lateral reservoir changes is critical to understanding fracture growth in fluvial systems. When comparing a layered system, with no lateral variation, to a system with lateral variation, one-year cumulative production can be different by ~9%. Subtle lithofacies variations, present in significant quantities in these complex depositional systems, can have a large effect on fracture growth. Additionally, how depletion is treated in the fracturing model, i.e. whether the entire interval is considered depleted or just a singular sand body, can also have a significant effect on fracture propagation.
In an attempt to enhance the understanding of fracture growth in fluvial systems, this paper provides an analysis of the impact of depositional environments and associated heterogeneities on hydraulic fracturing growth in fluvial tight gas reservoirs. A 3D geostatistical reservoir model, representing a 160-acre field area, was created based on a 3D meandering fluvial tight gas geologic model developed from outcrop. This detailed geologic model differentiates between sandstone-dominated channel-belt environments including point bars, crevasse channels, and crevasse splays, as well as the intervening overbank environments consisting of mudstone and coal deposits. Petrophysical properties and reservoir conditions used in the reservoir model were based on subsurface data from nearby producing fields with comparable fluvial systems.Two different well locations were then chosen within the 3D model in an effort to capture various sandstone body distributions. A range of hydraulic fracture orientation planes, associated with the two well locations, were selected and loaded into a 3D hydraulic fracture modeling package. Eight cases, representing various stimulation-treatment sensitivities, were studied.Results show that consideration of both vertical and lateral reservoir changes is critical to understanding fracture growth in fluvial systems. When comparing a layered system with no lateral variation to a system with lateral variation, 1-year cumulative production can vary by as much as 25%. Subtle lithofacies variations, present in significant quantities in these complex depositional systems, affect fracture growth and can affect well production by 25 to 50%. Additionally, how depletion is treated in the fracturing model (i.e., whether the entire interval is considered depleted or just a single sand body) can also have a significant effect on fracture propagation.
Hydrocarbon resources such as tight sands have become one of the most sought after types of unconventional plays, given the extensive amounts of gas they contain. In order to access these reserves, the industry is focused on improving hydraulic fracturing techniques with the purpose of increasing gas recovery. However, proper reservoir management practices, in conjunction with improved completion processes, are also key factors for maximizing these gas reserves. Additionally, reservoir understanding becomes even more relevant when dealing with reservoirs deposited in complex fluvial environments. This paper discusses a study that integrates the accurate stratigraphy and detailed reservoir characterization of a 160-acre 3D fluvial geologic outcrop model populated with analog producing field reservoir properties with detailed hydraulic fracturing modeling to better understand the effects that fluvial depositional environments have on hydraulic fracture growth. Subsequently, the detailed hydraulic fracturing growth parameters are implemented in a robust 3D reservoir simulation model, representing the heterogeneous geologic environment. Reservoir simulation is then used to determine the dynamic flow conditions associated with the fluvial geologic model with the ultimate goal of determining optimum reserve recovery practices such as well spacing and placement, hydraulic fracture design components, etc. The methodology applied in this study, which starts with the 3D outcrop mapping and characterization, followed by the development of a geostatistical model, hydraulic fracturing modeling, and reservoir simulation is presented. Three different cases, consisting of various well locations and spacing, are described. Results show that the continuity of sand bodies in the near wellbore vicinity, whether part of the completion interval or not, is critical to the ultimate reserve recovery and is a function of the hydraulic fracture growth pattern. Additionally, amalgamation of the sandstone bodies, which also affects the hydraulic fracture growth patterns, has a strong effect on gas recoveries. Finally, for the cases reviewed, the benefits of infill drilling were mainly obvious in reserve acceleration versus reserve addition.
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