These results have postoperative pain management implications. Heightened attention to psychosocial variables, such as postoperative catastrophizing and negative mood, may be useful in identifying patients at risk for greater postoperative pain.

With more studies consistently documenting effectiveness, PBT interventions have greater evidence of effectiveness than methylphenidate for treatment of preschoolers at risk for ADHD.

With increasing usage of many types of total elbow replacements, there is a continuing need for clinical series that report survivorship, complications and revisions, and performance of single types of implants over extended time periods. The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term effectiveness of all implants of the Sorbie-QUESTOR (SQ) unlinked surface arthroplasty conducted by a single surgeon (C.S.) over 15 years at a single site, and to determine whether there were diagnostic group differences. Between 1995 and 2002, 51 S-Q prosthetic elbows were implanted into 44 patients. The patient groups were hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis, and "other," which included osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis. Annual evaluations included scores of pain, range of motion, and function. The most recent annual evaluation was included in the data set. Details of complications and revisions were recorded. The hemophiliac group had the best survival outcomes at 87.5%. Eighteen prostheses required revision or removal with all but 3 retained or replaced. Postoperatively, 73% rated their pain as 'slight' or 'none'. The hemophilia and rheumatoid arthritis groups made very large total flexion/extension gains. The rheumatoid arthritis group made significant forearm motion gains. Average functional assessment gains were nearly 2 grades of 5 functional levels and were significant for all groups. The S-Q surface arthroplasty has demonstrated long-term effectiveness in patients with a variety of elbow joint pathologies showing reduction in pain, large gains in joint range and function, and good long-term survival.

There are many obstacles that urban youth experience in pursuing health careers, but the benefits of diversifying the classroom and workforce are clear. This is especially true today as educators and policymakers seek to enhance underrepresented minority students’ access to health careers, and also achieve the health workforce needed to support the Affordable Care Act. The creation of student pipeline programs began more than 40 years ago, but success has been equivocal. In 2008, Mentoring in Medicine (MIM) conducted a research project to identify how students learn about health careers; develop strategies for an integrated, experiential learning program that encourages underrepresented minority students to pursue careers in health; and translate these into best practices for supporting students through their entire preparatory journey. Six focus groups were conducted with educators, students, and their parents. The inclusion of parents was unusual in studies of this kind. The outcome yielded important and surprising differences between student and parent knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. They informed our understanding of the factors that motivate and deter underrepresented minority students to pursue careers in health care. Specific programmatic strategies emerged that found their place in the subsequent development of new MIM programming that falls into the following three categories: community-based, school-based and Internet based. Best practices derived from these MIM programs are summarized and offered for consideration by other health career education program developers targeting underrepresented minority students, particularly those located in urban settings.