Summary
Necropsies were performed on 496 horses that had a fatal injury or illness at a California racetrack during the period February 20th 1990 to March 1st 1992. The primary cause of death was categorised by breed, activity at time of injury or illness and organ system affected. Most of the submissions were Thoroughbred horses (432) and Quarter Horses (46). Most of the injuries occurred while racing (42%) and in training sessions (39%); with fewer non‐exercise (12%) and accident (7%) related injuries or illnesses. Musculoskeletal injuries accounted for 83% of the Thoroughbred and 80% of the Quarter Horse submissions. The Thoroughbred horses incurred 306 fractures with 263 in the limbs and 90% of those in the forelimbs. The proximal sesamoid bone(s), third metacarpal bone and humerus were the most common bones fractured in Thoroughbred horses and Quarter Horses. Other major causes of death included respiratory, digestive and multi‐organ system disorders.
Using viral metagenomics of brain tissue from a young adult crossbreed steer with acute onset of neurologic disease, we sequenced the complete genome of a novel astrovirus (BoAstV-NeuroS1) that was phylogenetically related to an ovine astrovirus. In a retrospective analysis of 32 cases of bovine encephalitides of unknown etiology, 3 other infected animals were detected by using PCR and in situ hybridization for viral RNA. Viral RNA was restricted to the nervous system and detected in the cytoplasm of affected neurons within the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. Microscopically, the lesions were of widespread neuronal necrosis, microgliosis, and perivascular cuffing preferentially distributed in gray matter and most severe in the cerebellum and brainstem, with increasing intensity caudally down the spinal cord. These results suggest that infection with BoAstV-NeuroS1 is a potential cause of neurologic disease in cattle.
Calf diarrhea is a multifactorial disease related to a combination of host and pathogen factors. The most common pathogens found in diarrheic calves are cryptosporidium, rotavirus, coronavirus, Salmonella, attaching and effacing E coli and F5 (K99) Escherichia coli. Increased mortality and morbidity are often due to the presence of more than one pathogen. This article includes a discussion of key information to obtain a clinical history, the pathogens, pathology findings, and diagnostic methods.
Abstract. Bovine fetuses submitted to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System were evaluated during a 2-year period (1987 to 1989) for the presence of multifocal necrotizing nonsuppurative encephalitis, nonsuppurative myocarditis, or tissue protozoa. Eighty-two of 445 (1 8%) fetuses submitted met these histologic criteria. Fetuses were from 54 dairy and two beef herds located throughout the state. In 17 fetuses (2 1 Yo) protozoa were found in fetal tissues. Protozoa were found in brain parenchyma of ten fetuses (1 2%), in endothelial cells in four fetuses (5%), in cardiac myofibers in one fetus (lYo), and were associated with endothelial cells in two fetuses (2%). In most fetuses there were no significant gross pathologic findings other than autolysis. While aborted fetuses were from 3 to 9 months gestation, the majority were between 5 and 7 months gestation. They were submitted year round, but more were seen in the fall and winter months. Additional salient histologic features included portal nonsuppurative hepatitis, focal hepatic inflammation and necrosis, and focal nonsuppurative myositis. Nonsuppurative inflammation was also found in decreasing frequency, in the adrenal medulla, kidney, mesentery or abdominal fat, placenta, and lung. In two fetuses (Nos. 1 and 2), the location and morphology of the protozoa were compatible with Sarcocystis spp. The identity of protozoa in the remaining 15 fetuses is unknown. The histopathologic changes in these 82 fetuses and the presence of protozoa in 2 1 Yo of the fetuses suggest these abortions are due to fetal protozoal infections.
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