Macrocystis pyrifera forests are one of the most productive ecosystems in the North Pacific, sheltering high ecological and commercialy valued species whose fisheries generate employment and currency for the state of Baja California. Because of its importance we developed an index to assess the vulnerability of the biotic community associated with these ecosistems. The Pressure-State-Response model provided the current state of the system, the pressures exerted on them and the responses that users have developed to mitigate impacts. The model was constructed from interdisciplinary data: in situ sampling, satellite images, fishing catches and interviews to fisheries organizations. We found that most of Baja Californian M. pyrifera forests have medium vulnerability, highlighting Bajamar and Salsipuedes with very low vulnerability; on the contrary, El Campito and El Rosario Sur presented the highest vulnerability values. El Rosario Sur has very high fishing pressure due to eight organizations fishing in the area, all of them with legal permits. This situation generates social and ecological conflicts due to the fact that free access to the area do not allow the organizations to compromise to care and manage their resources; differing from other sites where access control and conservation attitude have shown to work. The integration of results from the interviews confirmed that the attitude of conservation by fishermen is favored if there is a strong attachment or sense of belonging to the place where they fish, as well as having lived experiences of crisis in relation to its activity. Also, the response actions developed by fishing organizations affect positively the state and vulnerability of M. pyrifera forests. The model constructed is a useful tool for the diagnosis of the current state of the kelp forests in Baja California, and can be applied to monitor future trends of its components, providing elements for a better decision-making regarding the management of the resources that inhabit these ecosystems. Keywords: Baja California, Macrocystis pyrifera, fishing, PSR, vulnerabilidad.
La prospectiva ambiental permite proyectar escenarios futuros con el fin de tomar decisiones participativas; metodológicamente requiere de un análisis retrospectivo que permita dar explicación a la situación que interesa analizar. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer la retrospectiva de una duna costera ubicada en el ejido Nueva Odisea en Ensenada, Baja California; un ecosistema con valores contrapuestos: el de proveer arena con minerales valiosos y el de ser el hábitat con la mayor diversidad florística entre las dunas costeras de Baja California. Se usaron técnicas de investigación cualitativa, una revisión de contenido bibliohemerográfico, así como observaciones participantes y no participantes en campo, con informantes ejidatarios y consultores ambientales. Esta combinación de técnicas permitió elaborar una línea que identifica cuatro etapas entre 1960 y 2018, las cuales se relacionan con las políticas públicas emergentes en cada sexenio. Se espera que, con esta información, la proyección de escenarios futuros, y con los cambios que se vislumbran en cuanto al carácter neoliberal de la política pública en el país, se complete el proceso participativo de los ejidatarios, y los dueños de la duna costera tomen decisiones sobre su uso, ahora basadas en datos y lecciones aprendidas.
The population’s mobility in urban areas is a necessary variable in the modeling of risk scenarios caused by atmospheric contamination. The inclusion of this concept makes static models more dynamic while considering people within a city to be an entity with complex mobility processes. We propose a conceptual and methodological tool to make the representation of the social, economic and territorial components, as well as the patterns in the population´s mobility to delimitate risk areas for human health by exposure of contaminants. In the volatile organic compounds (VOC), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene (BTEX) are amongst the most dominant substances in fugitive vapor emissions in gas stations (GS). In urban areas, the exposure to BTEX by residential proximity and proximity to other facilities, which cause intra-urban agglomeration, can impact and affect human health. This model seeks to facilitate the focalization, identification and prioritization of risk areas by BTEX environmental contamination. This article goes beyond de conceptual framework. It suggests methodological and instrumental aspects to be applied in other cities. The government agencies must consider these results when establishing rules, permissions and procedures to reduce environmental pollution for managing the risk in a complex urban environment.
The population's mobility in urban areas is a necessary variable in the modeling of risk scenarios caused by atmospheric contamination. The inclusion of this concept makes static models more dynamic while considering people within a city to be an entity with complex mobility processes. We propose a conceptual and methodological tool to make the representation of the social, economic and territorial components, as well as the patterns in the population´s mobility to delimitate risk areas for human health by exposure of contaminants. In the volatile organic compounds (VOC), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene (BTEX) are amongst the most dominant substances in fugitive vapor emissions in gas stations (GS). In urban areas, the exposure to BTEX by residential proximity and proximity to other facilities, which cause intra-urban agglomeration, can impact and affect human health. This model seeks to facilitate the focalization, identification and prioritization of risk areas by BTEX environmental contamination. This article goes beyond de conceptual framework. It suggests methodological and instrumental aspects to be applied in other cities. The government agencies must consider these results when establishing rules, permissions and procedures to reduce environmental pollution for managing the risk in a complex urban environment.
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