We have characterized expression of the familial breast and ovarian cancer gene, BRCA1, in cases of non-hereditary (sporadic) breast cancer and analyzed the effect of antisense inhibition of BRCA1 on the proliferative rate of mammary epithelial cells. BRCA1 mRNA levels are markedly decreased during the transition from carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer. Experimental inhibition of BRCA1 expression with antisense oligonucleotides produced accelerated growth of normal and malignant mammary cells, but had no effect on non-mammary epithelial cells. These studies suggest that BRCA1 may normally serve as a negative regulator of mammary epithelial cell growth whose function is compromised in breast cancer either by direct mutation or alterations in gene expression.
We examined virally transformed murine fibroblast clones as targets for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-triggered lysis and genome digestion. Strikingly, while all clones were essentially equivalent in the ability to be lysed, one clone, SV3T3-B2.1, failed to exhibit genome digestion associated with CTL attack. Other aspects of the physiological cell death process, including loss of adhesion and nuclear envelope breakdown (lamin phosphorylation and solubilization), were not altered in this clone. The absence of genome digestion associated with CTL-induced cell death correlated with the absence of endodeoxyribonuclease activity in the nuclei of that clone. Characterization of the activity affected identifies a calcium-dependent, DNase I-like endonuclease of approximately 40 kDa, normally present constitutively in all cell nuclei, as the enzyme responsible for genome digestion associated with CTL-mediated cell death. These observations indicate that neither genome digestion per se nor its consequences [such as activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] are essential for cell death resulting from the triggering of this cell suicide process.Extensive genome digestion has been taken as the hallmark of physiological cell death (for examples, see references 2, 10, 11, 31, and 39). Cell deaths occur selectively in many tissue types throughout development and in homeostasis. These physiological deaths appear to follow an orderly process of internal cellular disintegration that is, generally, cell autonomous and dependent on macromolecular synthesis. The process includes nuclear envelope breakdown, cytoskeletal reorganization and plasma membrane blebbing, and loss of adhesion; some of these morphological characteristics have been termed apoptosis. Associated with breakdown of the nuclear envelope is digestion of genomic DNA. Dying lymphoid cells undergo extensive genome digestion, typically generating a ladder of double-stranded oligonucleosomal DNA fragments visualized by gel electrophoresis. In contrast, dying nonlymphoid cells often exhibit much less genome digestion; denaturing sucrose gradient centrifugation can reveal the infrequent single-stranded nicks (21,28). Pathological cell deaths, including those resulting from membrane damage (produced by antibody and complement or cytotoxic pore-forming molecules, for example), are not associated with orderly cellular disintcgration and prelytic genome digestion (reviewed in reference 57).Target cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is a unique case of physiological cell death. Target cell death is not cell autonomous and does not require target cell macromolecular synthesis (33,47). Nonetheless, the active participation of the targeted cell appears to be required (59), and in many morphological and biochemical respects, the cell death process is indistinguishable from cell autonomous suicides. Indeed, the concept of internal disintegration, with prelytic nuclear events including genome digestion preced-* Corresponding author.ing the loss of plasma membrane int...
Gene therapy is a therapeutic approach that is designed to correct specific molecular defects that contribute to the cause or progression of cancer. Genes that are mutated or deleted in cancers include the cancer susceptibility genes p53 and BRCA1. Because mutational inactivation of gene function is specific to tumor cells in these settings, cancer gene correction strategies may provide an opportunity for selective targeting without significant toxicity for normal nontumor cells. Both p53 and BRCA1 appear to inhibit cancer cells that lack mutations in these genes, suggesting that the so-called gene correction strategies may have broader potential than initially believed. Increasing knowledge of cancer genetics has identified these and other genes as potential targets for gene replacement therapy. Initial patient trials of p53 and BRCA1 gene therapy have provided some indications of potential efficacy, but have also identified areas of basic and clinical research that are needed before these approaches may be widely used in patient care.
We examined virally transformed murine fibroblast clones as targets for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-triggered lysis and genome digestion. Strikingly, while all clones were essentially equivalent in the ability to be lysed, one clone, SV3T3-B2.1, failed to exhibit genome digestion associated with CTL attack. Other aspects of the physiological cell death process, including loss of adhesion and nuclear envelope breakdown (lamin phosphorylation and solubilization), were not altered in this clone. The absence of genome digestion associated with CTL-induced cell death correlated with the absence of endodeoxyribonuclease activity in the nuclei of that clone. Characterization of the activity affected identifies a calcium-dependent, DNase I-like endonuclease of approximately 40 kDa, normally present constitutively in all cell nuclei, as the enzyme responsible for genome digestion associated with CTL-mediated cell death. These observations indicate that neither genome digestion per se nor its consequences [such as activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] are essential for cell death resulting from the triggering of this cell suicide process.
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