This study shows that it is possible to define and develop a whole-procedure VR training curriculum for laparoscopic cholecystectomy using structured scientific methodology.

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VR training improved dexterity for both groups, and led to transfer of skill onto a porcine LC model. The DP group achieved higher quality, and demonstrated superior transfer onto real tissues.

Sleep deprivation affects laparoscopic psychomotor skills, reaction time and subjective measures of sleepiness in novice surgical subjects. Caffeine and taurine restore simulated laparoscopic performance to rested levels, but do not reduce errors.

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