Mangifera indica, commonly used herb in ayurvedic medicine. Although review articles on this plant are already published, but this review article is presented to compile all the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities, which were performed widely by different methods. Studies indicate mango possesses antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, cardiotonic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory properties. Various effects like antibacterial, anti fungal, anthelmintic, anti parasitic, anti tumor, anti HIV, antibone resorption, antispasmodic, antipyretic, antidiarrhoeal, antiallergic, immunomodulation, hypolipidemic, anti microbial, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective have also been studied. These studies are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects. Clinical trials using mango for a variety of conditions should also be conducted.

Plain radiographs are commonly used to evaluate the degree of bone healing after an osteotomy and the application of an external fixator. The purpose of the study was to assess intraobserver and interobserver reliability in determining bone healing, defined as bridging callus across three of four cortices, of osteotomy sites on radiographs. Substantial intraobserver reliability and a high intraobserver percentage agreement were found. Interobserver reliability was moderate and interobserver percentage agreement was less than half for agreement between all involved orthopaedic surgeons. The lower reliability across surgeons suggests that the determination of the extent of the bone healing is subjective.

Background and Aims:Caudal block is a common technique for pediatric analgesia for infraumblical surgeries. Because of the short duration of analgesia with bupivacaine alone various additive have been used to prolong the action of bupivacaine. The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of tramadol or fentanyl added to bupivacaine for infraumblical surgeries in pediatric patients.Materials and Methods:We conducted a prospective, randomized, single-blind controlled trial. After written informed consent from parents, 100 patients belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I-II, in the age group of 1-12 years, of either sex undergoing infraumblical surgery under general anesthesia were divided into two groups. Group BT received 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with tramadol 2 mg/kg in normal saline and Group BF received 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2 μg/kg in normal saline with maximum volume of 12 ml in both groups. All patients were assessed intraoperatively for hemodynamic changes, the requirement of sevoflurane concentration, as well as postoperatively for pain by using FLACC (F = Face, L = Leg, A = Activity, C = Cry, C = Consolability), pain score and for sedation by using four point sedation score.Results:The mean duration of analgesia was 10–18 h in Group BT while in Group BF it was 7-11 h. The postoperatively period up to 1½ h, Group BF had higher sedation score up to two as compared to that below one on Group BT.Conclusion:Caudal tramadol significantly prolongs the duration of analgesia as compared to caudal fentanyl without any side effects.

Objective:To study the mechanism involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced potentiation of the Ang II-mediated contraction of isolated rat thoracic aorta.Materials and Methods:Thoracic aorta was isolated from the Sprauge dawley rats (300–320 gm), cut spirally and response to Ang II (5 × 10−8M) was taken in the absence and presence of H2O2 (10−6M) and t-BHP (10−5M). To explore the probable mechanism of H2O2 and t-BHP-induced potentiation of Ang II-mediated contractile response, different blockers such as losartan (AT1 receptor blocker; 1 μM), catalase (H2O2 scavenger; 500 U/ml), lercanidipine (L-type calcium channel blocker; 1 μM), geinistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor; 100 μM), and indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor; 10 μM) were used.Results:In spiral preparation of rat thoracic aorta, H2O2 (10−6M) and t-BHP (10−5M) did not produce the contraction as such. However, when they are added simultaneously with Ang II (5 × 10−8 M), they potentiated the contractile response of the Ang II. Catalase (500 U/ml) partially antagonized the Ang-II-induced contraction, as well as antagonized the potentiation induced by H2O2. Losartan (1 μM) and lercanidipine (1 μM) antagonized the Ang II-induced contractile response without affecting H2O2 (10−6M)-mediated potentiation. Geinistein (100 μM) antagonized H2O2 (10−6M)-mediated potentiation, but it slightly decreased the Ang II response. Losartan (1 μM) and lercanidipine (1 μM) and Geinistein (100 μM) antagonized the Ang II-induced contractile response but not t-BHP-mediated potentiation. Indomethacin antagonized t-BHP-mediated potentiation without affecting much of Ang II response.Conclusion:From the above-mentioned results, we can reasonably conclude that H2O2 and t-BHP potentiated the contraction induced by the Ang II. H2O2-induced potentiation of Ang II response may be mediated through tyrosine kinase activation and t-BHP through the activation of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme.