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Background: adiposity may contribute to the future risk of disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an air-displacement plethysmography (aDP) system to estimate percentage fat mass (%FM) in preterm infants and to evaluate interdevice reliability in infants. Methods: a total of 70 preterm and 9 full-term infants were assessed. O dilution (R 2 = 0.63, se of estimate (see) = 1.65, P = 0.006). Bland-altman analysis showed no bias (r = −0.48, P = 0.16) and 95% limits of agreement were −3.40 to 2.76 %FM. There was no difference in mean interdevice reliability %FM values (8.97 vs. 8.55 %FM) between aDP 1 and 2. Regression analysis indicated a low see (1.14% FM) and high R 2 (0.91); 95% limits of agreement were −1.87 to 2.71 %FM. The regression line did not differ significantly from the line of identity. conclusion: aDP is a noninvasive, reliable, and accurate technique to measure preterm infants' body composition in both research and clinical settings.