The ease of use of the French version of the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire was assessed in a group of 100 unselected individuals with tinnitus, 57 of whom agreed to take part in the survey. In addition to the instructions commonly used with this inventory, participants were invited to make any comments they wished about each item and to give their opinion of the content and presentation of the questionnaire. Nineteen subjects (33.3%) experienced difficulties with assigning a score to at least one item and one particular item was largely responsible for this problem. Increased systematic use of quantitative and qualitative data with this type of questionnaire is advocated.
Résumé Entre « traditions » et « tendances », que pensent aujourd’hui les jeunes adultes de la boisson emblématique du savoir-vivre français : le vin ? C’est par l’étude des représentations sociales du vin, notamment en fonction de la région d’origine (viticole ou non viticole), de la position par rapport au vin (amateurs ou experts) et des pratiques de consommation des jeunes adultes (155 jeunes de 18 à 30 ans), que nous avons choisi de répondre à ces questions. Les résultats permettent de montrer l’existence d’une véritable représentation sociale du vin consensuelle, structurée et valorisée, associée aux plaisirs de la table, à la convivialité et au désir de transmettre. Les habitudes de consommation, elles, restent occasionnelles et ont lieu majoritairement lors de repas familiaux festifs. Enfin, plus les jeunes consomment du vin et plus leurs représentations sociales sont valorisées, probablement dans un souci de rationalisation des conduites. Si le vin reste aujourd’hui une boisson empreinte de jovialité, elle n’en est pas moins, dans les faits, délaissée par les jeunes générations.
ContextPrevious studies suggested that many patients, who have given their informed consent to participate in randomized controlled trials (RCT), have somewhat limited understanding of what a placebo treatment is. We hypothesized that the relationship between patients and their health professionals plays a central role in this understanding.MethodsWe interviewed 12 patients included in RCTs (nine suffering from Parkinson’s disease and three from Huntington’s disease) and 18 health professionals involved with RCTs (eight principal investigators, four associated physicians and six clinical research associates). Semi-structured interviews were conducted after the RCTs had ended but before the treatment allocation was revealed.ResultsOnly two patients clearly understood the aim of placebo-controlled RCTs. Only one principal investigator said she asks all her patients whether they agree to participate in RCTs. The seven others said they only ask patients who seem more likely to be compliant. Their selection criteria included docility and personality traits associated in other studies with enhanced placebo responses. According to 13 of the 18 health professionals, their relationship with patients may influence the amplitude of the placebo response. All but one clinical research associates added that the placebo response could result from a “maternal” type of care. All principal investigators said they have a strong influence on their patient's decision to participate. Finally, when interviewees were asked to narrate a memory of a medically unexplained healing, in eight of 11 physicians' narratives the beneficiary was a child while in 10 of 12 patients' narratives it was an adult.ConclusionOur observations suggest that the interrelationship between health professionals and patients involved in RCTs could be compared to that between parents and children. Therefore, adherence to formal rules regarding informed consent does not ensure a balanced relationship between patients and health professionals.
Our data indicate that the "priming principle" is an appropriate technique to shorten the onset time of cisatracurium. To achieve a maximum effect the priming combination of 15 micrograms/kg cisatracurium followed after 4 min by 85 micrograms/kg cisatracurium is recommended.
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