Pakistan is said to be at the brink of being a water-scarce country current per capita water availability is 1090 m3 per year. This point to the water governance issues in Pakistan. Given these problems, a debate among scholars and policymakers is what governance model should Pakistan adopt to manage its water resources effectively. A few of them are a proponent of privatization of water, while others argue that traditional warabandi can still be an effective way to manage the water if certain loopholes in the system can be addressed. In this paper, we discuss both models and analysis with institutional theories of (water) property rights and relations, state authority, and neoliberalism to analyze the pros and cons of both models. In conclusion, we enlist the problems that persist in both models and provide recommendations for better governance of water in Pakistan.
Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world dating back to 7000BCE. The explored sites of the civilization span present day Pakistan and India. The following paper explore the Indus Valley Civilization through the sites in Pakistan. The paper highlights feature of various stages of the Indus Valley, for example, Early Food Producing Era (7000-4000 BCE), Regionalization Era – Early Harappan Era (4000-2600 BCE), Integration Era (Early Harappan Phase) (2600 – 1900), Localization Era (Late Harappan Phase) (1900 – 1300), and Indus Valley from 1300 BCE to Present. In doing so, the paper discusses the geography, environment, material culture, subsistence patterns, political and social organization of each era. Finally, it explores the various theories of decline of Indus Valley Civilization, drawing on various sources. In the conclusion, the paper provides recommendations for future focus on the archaeological sites in Pakistan enhance our understanding of the civilizations.
In the male-dominated society, violence against women becomes a reality. This paper analyses the cases of 858 violent crimes reported in the Sindhi daily newspapers during the years of 2015 and 2016 in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The reports analysed by using content analysis procedure found there were 199 cases of abduction, 157 of honour killing, 228 of murder, 108 of rape and 166 of suicides. In the reported cases women was a victim, and almost in the 50% of the cases the husbands was perpetrator who used firearm weapon to carry their acts. The motives behind honour killings and murders were domestic conflicts and suspicion of illicit relationships of women with men, while for the kidnapping/abduction, land disputes and matrimonial issues remained significant. Women being victims deserve serious attention to protect from such violence by having effective policies especially in the rural areas of Sindh and Pakistan
The concept of feminism has been represented in different forms and criticized especially in the Muslim world. This study argues that Sufism encourages the concept of feminism in Islam and discourages the theological status of women. The Sufi trends for women are more supportive and relevant to the concept of feminism. In particular, this study looks at deific concept of feminism with Sufi preachings and practices; on the other hand it has also examined the western feminism under the shadow of human security concept. The main argument of feminist school of thought is to create equal social, political, economic, employment and educational rights for women. This argument reasserts that there is deep-rooted gender discrimination in all walks of life. Whereas, Sufism challenges Islamic fundamentalists and provides true recognition to the feminism as a quality of activity, authority, strength, greatness and power. Sufis believe that humans may find themselves in different types but eventually there is no female or male, only being. Sufism provides constructive pathways to safeguarding women in all means.
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