ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to estimate the extra risk of second primary cancer among breast cancer patients.Methods and materialsThis is a systematic review. A comprehensive search of literature was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Scopus. The search included all published studies up to October 2022. This systematic review included studies published in the English language that reported the risk of second primary non-breast cancer [i.e., standardized incidence ratio (SIR)] among breast cancer patients older than 15 years. After evaluating the methodological quality of the selected studies, SIRs were pooled with consideration of heterogeneity among studies. The estimates were pooled by age and time since the diagnosis of primary breast cancer for both sexes (male and female). Age was categorized based on before 50 years and after 50 years, and time was categorized as duration of less than and more than 10 years, respectively.ResultsFrom 2,484 articles, 30 articles were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies varied in terms of population, number of cases, study design, setting, and year of implementation of the research. The estimated SIR for men and women was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.38) and 1.27 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.39), respectively. Women diagnosed with breast cancer before menopause [SIR: 1.52 (95% CI: 1.34, 1.71) vs. 1.21 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.34)] as well as women after 10 years since their breast cancer diagnosis [1.33 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.431) vs. 1.24 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.37)] were at a higher risk of developing second primary cancer. Among men, while there were no differences in risk based on age, with the increase of time, the risk of second primary cancer was reduced [SIR: 1.22 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.33) vs. 1.00 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.22)].ConclusionThere is an extra risk of second primary cancer among breast cancer patients. The extra risk should be considered for further screening and preventive measures among this population.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=336062, identifier (CRD42022336062).
Background and Objectives: Regarding health effects of probiotics and prebiotics in prevention and control of diseases and the lack of standard questionnaires in this field in Iran, objective of the present study was to assess validity and reliability of questionnaires designed to assess validity and reliability of probiotics and prebiotics in individuals aged 20-40 years in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods:After verifying content validity of the questionnaires by eight experts in fields of nutrition, psychology and psychometrics, face and construct validities (in two levels of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses) were assessed and then the tool was validated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (due to the multi-value of the response spectra). Results:The sampling adequacy index was higher than 0.7, which was the premise of exploratory analysis. For all the items, the standard loading factor was higher than 0.3, and the T-value was higher than 1.96. Furthermore, fit indices in confirmatory analysis were at the desired levels (0/9 and greater), and validity was verified. Cronbach's alpha value was calculated higher than 0.7, and the reliability of the questionnaire was verified.Conclusions: Results of this study showed that the researcher-prepared food frequency questionnaire developed to assess the level of probiotic and prebiotic consumptions, especially in people aged 20-40 years in Tehran, includes significant validity and reliability.
With the epidemic prevalence of obesity in today’s society, bariatric surgery has become very popular in treating severe obesity. Although the complications of this surgery have decreased with the advancement of medicine and post-treatment care, there are still complications that can lead to death if neglected. In this case report, we present a 44-year-old patient who underwent redo bariatric surgery. She was discharged from the hospital in good general condition but returned a few days later with a major complaint of abdominal pain and sudden bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. After performing CT and endoscopy and considering the results, the patient underwent laparotomy, which showed a fistula between the splenic artery and the remnant of the stomach. After surgery and after the recovery period, the patient was discharged from the hospital. In this case report, we describe for the first time an uncommon and unique complication following redo bariatric surgery. We suggest that a fistula between the splenic artery and the remnant of the stomach should be considered in patients with abdominal pain and upper gastrointestinal bleeding who underwent redo bariatric surgery.
Background Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the most important strains of probiotics. Some of them are normal flora of human mucous membranes in the gastrointestinal system, skin, urinary tract, and genitalia. There is evidence suggesting that LAB has an antiviral effect on viral infections. However, these studies are still controversial and a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the antiviral effects of LAB on viral infections. Methods The systematic search was conducted until the end of December 17, 2022, in international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline (via PubMed). The keywords of our search were Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillus (as well as its species), Probiotics, Antiviral, Inhibitory effect, and Virus. Results Of 15.408 potentially relevant articles obtained at the end of our search, 45 eligible in-vivo human studies were selected for inclusion in the study from databases and registers and citation searching. We conducted a systematic review of the antiviral effects of the LAB based on the included articles. The most commonly investigated labs are Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus Casei. Conclusion Our study indicates that most of our included articles support the positive effect of LAB on viral infections although some studies showed no significant positive effect of LABs on some viral infections.
Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) has received a lot of attention with the prevalence of obesity. However, some patients report more weight loss and more malnutrition, which is thought to be due to differences in common Limb length (CLL) in patients. Surgeons reported alimentary limb length (ALL) and biliopancreatic limb length (BPLL), and CLL is generally unknown. Methods: During 2015-2017, this study was conducted among 600 patients to evaluate CLL and excessive weight loss (EWL) and malnutrition in patients undergoing RYGBP. To measure the length of the small intestine, 30 minutes after the start of the surgery, the measurement was performed by micro forceps and grasping the midpart of the small intestine and, the average measurement time was 7 minutes. Results: the median length of the small bowel was 712 cm. The results of this study showed that patients with CLL ˂650 cm had more EWL% and malnutrition than CLL >750 cm. Conclusion: Since 0.5% and 2% of the participants in this study had a small bowel length of fewer than 4 m and 4.5 m, respectively, and assuming that the ALL + CLL should be more than 3 m, the length of the small bowel was usually bypassed in these people is 2 meters. If the BPLL is less than 125 cm, small bowel measurement is not necessary, but if it is higher than 125 cm, 2% of people will have the chance of shortness of small bowel and it is better to measure the length of the intestine.
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