The high-quality implementation of the technological process of harvesting potatoes largely depends on the separation process. A separating elevator with cleaning rubber-coated blades is proposed in order to improve the process of separation of the soil-tuberous mass and reduce damage to tubers. The conveyor with rubber blades is located inside the main and moving against the direction of the separating elevator movement. Mounted blades with their touch will clean the lumens of the rods from sticking. The quality of the completeness of the separation of potato harvesters depends on the duration of the presence of the soil-tuberous mass on the working surface of the elevator. In the course of theoretical studies, the relative speed of movement of the soil-tuberous mass was analytically determined depending on the change in the mass of the soil layer after the interaction of the blades of the internal conveyor with the elevator bars. The range of change in the rational value of the elevator speed for elliptical shakers was taken into account. The graphs of the dependences of the relative speed of movement of the soil-tuberous mass on the kinematic parameters of the internal conveyor and on the congestion of the elevator are analyzed. It has been established that the interaction of the blades of the internal conveyor with the bars of the elevator has little effect on the speed of the soil layer. The internal conveyor with rubberized blades will clean the gaps between the bars of the elevator without resisting the movement of soil and tuber mass on the surface of the separating elevator, thereby improving the quality of soil separation and reducing damage to tubers.
Machine potato harvesting is ineff ective on waterlogged soils at a moisture content of more than 24% as rod gaps are clogged with rocks and tubers. The potato harvester design can be improved with an intensifi er in the form of a clamping conveyor with fl at blades set at an angle. The authors analyzed the conditions for ejecting tubers from the rod gaps of the separating elevators and determined the design parameters of the intensifi er: the distance between the bars of 30 mm, the diameter of the bars of 11 mm; the inclination angle of the intensifi er blade to the plane of the conveyor belt of more than 82°. Provision is made that when the tubers are pushed out, the gap between the rod and the tuber should be less than 5 mm. Based on the goal of increasing the completeness of soil separation and excluding damage to potato tubers, theoretical studies have established the kinematic parameters of the intensifi er: a conveyor speed of 0.8 m/s to 1.4 m/s, an elevator rod speed of 1.0 m/s to 1.8 m/s. To prevent tuber damage, the impact velocity of potato tubers with the blades must be less than 2.2 m/s. The blade pitch should equal 210 mm. Agrotechnical assessment of fi eld tests of the KPK-2-01 potato harvester with a separating elevator intensifi er carried out on the premises of the “V.D. Bykov’s Raduga Farm” located in Kamyshi, Kursk district, Kursk region, showed an increase in the completeness of soil separation by 8.3%
Российский государственный аграрный заочный университет, г. Балашиха, Московская область, Российская Федерация; 2 Мичуринский государственный аграрный университет, г. Мичуринск, Тамбовская область, Российская Федерация; 3 Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет, г. Казань, Российская Федерация Реферат. Высокая энергоемкость фрезерования почв служит сдерживающим фактором их широкого применения. Фрезы применяют в тех случаях, когда нет альтернативы по качеству обработки, особенно тяжелых и задернелых почв. Показали, что модернизированные почвообрабатывающие фрезы имеют зубцеобразную форму. Рассмотрели вопросы оптимального расположения ножей относительно барабана. (Цель исследований) Получить зависимости для расчета шага зубцеобразной фрезы почвообрабатывающей машины для предпосадочной обработки почвы перед посадкой картофеля. (Материалы и методы) Отметили отсутствие методик при выборе основных параметров и режимов работы почвообрабатывающих фрез с зубцеобразной формой. Подтвердили необходимость нового подхода в выборе профиля рабочей поверхности ножа фрезы с целью уменьшения энергоемкости фрезерования и улучшения качества обработки. Использовали математические и графические расчеты для определения оптимального шага ступни. (Результаты и обсуждение) Представили выражение для определения объема рыхления почвы при работе почвообрабатывающих фрез. Рассчитали, что с увеличением глубины обработки почвы от 0,10 до 0,15 метра шаг ступни повышается с 0,04 до 0,06 метра и оптимально составляет 0,05 метра. Для ориентировочных инженерных расчетов приняли, что оптимальный параметр шага ступни равен 0,25-0,45 от значения подачи на нож. (Выводы) Установили, что количество ножей в одной секции и ширина захвата ножа не влияют на величину оптимального шага зубьев. Определили, что этот показатель линейно зависит от глубины обработки почвы: с ее увеличением на 0,05 метра оптимальный шаг ступни возрастает на 0,025 метра. Показали, что с увеличением рабочей скорости фрезы уменьшаются удельные затраты энергии на обработку пласта, а эффективность обработки почвы улучшается. Ключевые слова: почвообрабатывающие машины, фрезерование почвы, шаг фрезы, зубцеобразная фреза, энергоемкость почвообработки.
Introduction. The potato harvester operation quality depends not only on the design features, but also on the method for harvesting of potatoes. Cultivation of potatoes involves the implementation of a set of measures aimed at improving and preserving the quality of commercial products when harvesting of potatoes. In this regard, to reduce yield losses and prevent wind erosion of soil, a unit and method for harvesting of potatoes is proposed. To reduce the number of clods commensurate with the size of tubers, there are installed ripper tines ahead of the potato harvester tool. The aim of the work is to conduct a theoretical research of the tool of the potato harvester to reduce yield losses and soil erosion. Materials and Methods. The lifting plowshare operation has been analyzed. Its angle to the horizon determines the least displacement of the lifting plowshare, the minimum resistance to the soil layer movement and optimal height of lifting soil mass. The optimal value of the plowshare inclination angle has been determined taking into account the condition that the back pressure of the soil layer should be minimal. Results. There has been proposed a mathematical dependence for determining the optimal value of the angle of plowshare inclination, which determines the minimum value of the soil layer back pressure acting along the plowshare. As a result of the research, there have been plotted graphical dependences of the optimal value of the plowshare inclination angle on the coefficient of soil friction on the plowshare and dependences of the height of a soil layer lifting with the plowshare on the inclination angle optimal value at a fixed plowshare length. Discussion and Conclusion. In carrying out the theoretical research of the potato harvester plowshare, the soil type and coefficient of a soil layer friction on the plowshare were taken into account. There has been determined the optimal angle of plowshare inclination to provide optimal breaking down of soil with minimum soil bulldozing, thus ensuring reduction in yield losses.
Департамент научно-технологической политики и образования Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Российский научно-исследовательский институт информации и технико-экономических исследований по инженерно-техническому обеспечению агропромышленного комплекса»
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