Mobile Ad-hoc Network one of the prominent area for the researchers and practitioners in assorted domains including security, routing, addressing and many others. A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) refers to an autonomous group or cluster of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Mobile ad hoc network refers to the moving node rather than any fixed infrastructure, act as a mobile router. These mobile routers are responsible for the network mobility. The history of mobile network begin after the invention of 802.11 or WiFi they are mostly used for connecting among themselves and for connecting to the internet via any fixed infrastructure. Vehicles like car, buses and trains equipped with router acts as nested Mobile Ad-hoc Network. Vehicles today consists many embedded devices like build in routers, electronic devices like Sensors PDAs build in GPS, providing internet connection to it gives, information and infotainment to the users. These advances in MANET helps the vehicle to communicate with each other, at the time of emergency like accident, or during climatic changes like snow fall, and at the time of road block, this information will be informed to the nearby vehicles. Now days technologies rising to provide efficiency to MANET users like providing enough storage space, as we all know the cloud computing is the next generation computing paradigm many researches are conducting experiments on Mobile Ad-hoc Network to provide the cloud service securely. This paper attempts to propose and implement the security based algorithmic approach in the mobile adhoc networks.

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A wireless sensor network consists of numerous low-power microsensor devices that can be deployed in a geographical area for remote sensing, surveillance, control, and monitoring applications. The advancements of wireless devices in terms of userfriendly interface, size, and deployment cost have given rise to many smart applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, certain issues like energy efficiency, long lifetime, and communication reliability restrict their large scale utilization. In WSNs, the cluster-based routing protocols assist nodes to collect, aggregate, and forward sensed data from event regions towards the sink node through minimum cost links. A clustering method helps to improve data transmission efficiency by dividing the sensor nodes into small groups. However, improper cluster head (CH) selection may affect the network lifetime, average network energy, and other quality of service (QoS) parameters. In this paper, a multiobjective clustering strategy is proposed to optimize the energy consumption, network lifetime, network throughput, and network delay. A fitness function has been formulated for heterogenous and homogenous wireless sensor networks. This fitness function is utilized to select an optimum CH for energy minimization and load balancing of cluster heads. A new hybrid clustered routing protocol is proposed based on fitness function. The simulation results conclude that the proposed protocol achieves better efficiency in increasing the network lifetime by 63%, 26%, and 10% compared with three well-known heterogeneous protocols: DEEC, EDDEEC, and ATEER, respectively. The proposed strategy also attains better network stability than a homogenous LEACH protocol.

With the enhancement in technology e-banking like credit Card, Debit Card, Mobile Banking and Internet Banking is the popular medium to transfer the money from one account to another. E-Banking is gaining popularity day by day, which increases the online transaction with the increase in online shopping, online bill payment like electricity, Insurance Premium and other charges, online recharges and online reservation of railways, bus etc., so the fraud cases related to this are also increasing and it puts a great burden on the economy, affecting both customers and financial bodies. It not only costs money, but also a great amount of time to restore the harm done. The purpose is to prevent the customer from online transaction by using specific technique i.e. based on Data Mining and Artificial Intelligence technique. The risk score is calculated by Bayesian Learning Approach to analyze whether the transaction is genuine or fraudulent based on the two parameters: Customer Spending Behaviour and Geographical Locations. The customer than spending behaviour that can be identified by KMEAN clustering algorithm and in geographical location the current geographical location is compared with the previous location. If risk score is greater 0.5 then transaction is considered to be fraudulent transactions and then the security mechanism authenticates the user by entering the 4 digit random number that appears on the screen and the genuine user enters the code in a correct manner.

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The colonial dispensation in north Bihar believed that the rivers of the flood plains needed to be controlled. The zamindar became the pivot around which the implementation of these flood control efforts revolved. Along with the railways and roads, the uncontrolled manner in which many zamindary embankments were built led to a deterioration in the flood situation. By the 1930s, there was a strong view among engineers that rivers should not be controlled and embankments should be removed wherever possible. However, in contrast to the new official technical doctrine on flood control, a slew of powerful social and economic interests argued for retaining the ‘protected areas’ through embankments. Exploring the tensions that played out between the colonial engineering establishment, the revenue administrators and the zamindars over the question of river control in north Bihar, this article argues for an emphasis on environmental change as a critical dimension for understanding the colonial rule in the region.

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