The present study investigates the efficiency of nitrogen (N) amendments in the management of ozone (O3) stress in two varieties (Kashi Sheetal and Kashi Harittima) of Indian bean (Dolichos lablab L.). Two O3 concentrations, ambient (44.9 ppb) and elevated (74.64 ppb) were used, and each O3 concentration has 3 nitrogen (N) dose treatments viz recommended (N1), 1.5 times recommended (N2), 2 times recommended (N3) and no nitrogen, which served as control (C). The experiment concluded Kashi Sheetal as O3 tolerant, as compared to Kashi Harittima. N amendments were effective in the partial amelioration of O3 stress, with N2 being the most effective nitrogen dose, at both ambient and elevated O3 concentrations. Kashi Sheetal has been determined to be O3 tolerant due to greater endogenous levels of H2O2 accumulation and enzymatic antioxidant contents with O3 exposure. The O3-sensitive variety, Kashi Harittima, responded more positively to N treatments, at both O3 concentrations. The positive effect of N amendments is attributed to the stimulated antioxidative enzyme activity, rather than the biophysical processes like stomatal conductance. Strengthened defense upon N amendments was attributed to the enhanced activities of APX and GR in Kashi Sheetal, while in Kashi Harittima, the two enzymes (APX and GR) were coupled by SOD and CAT as well, during the reproductive phase. Yield (weight of seeds plant-1) increments upon N (N2) amendments were higher in Kashi Harittima (O3 sensitive), as compared to Kashi Sheetal (O3 tolerant) at both ambient and elevated O3 concentration, due to higher antioxidant enzymatic response and greater rate of photosynthesis in the former.
Up to one third of the food that is purposely grown for human sustenance is wasted and never consumed, with adverse consequences for the environment and socio-economic aspects. In India, managing food waste is a significant environmental concern. Food waste output is increasing in Indian cities and towns as a result of the country’s urban expansion, modernization, and population growth. Poor management of food waste can have negative consequences for the environment and pose a risk to the public’s health issues. This review focuses on the current challenges, management strategies, and future perspectives of food waste management in India. The efficient management of food waste involves a comprehensive study regarding the characterization of food waste and improved waste management methods. In addition, the government policies and rules for managing food waste that is in effect in India are covered in this review.
The present study focuses on mitigative measurements adopted to manage ozone (O3 ) stress by application of different doses of nutrient (N, P, K) treatments. Two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L. var HHM-1 and Malviya hybrid2) growing under ambient O3 stress conditions were treated with three doses of nutrients (NPK); recommended (N1 ), 1.5x recommended (N2 ) and 2x recommended (N3 ) in near natural condition. The antioxidant pool, secondary metabolites, photosynthetic efficiency and gas conductance parameters were assessed. Results of our experiment suggest that the plants treated with nutrients responded better than the plants without nutrient, which served as control. Increased antioxidant activities in both the maize cultivars upon nutrient treatment resulted in decline of O3generated superoxide radicals and H2O2 contents, indicating a reduction in O3 stress. It was observed that the antioxidant response upon treatment was more prominent in HHM-1, as compared to MH-2, in which major proportions of antioxidant stimulations were observed during the vegetative period only. SOD and CAT played an important role in defining the plant’s defense and regulating the SOR and H2O2 contents in both the maize cultivars at both vegetative and reproductive stages. The results of the present experiment clearly suggest that nutrient amendments can be effectively used in partially mitigating ambient ozone stress, however more experimentation with different crop varieties is required to prove the expediency of nutrient amendments.
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