Transcriptome sequencing or RNA-Sequencing is a high-resolution, sensitive and high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach used to study non-model plants and other organisms. In other words, it is an assembly of RNA transcripts from individual or whole samples of functional and developmental stages. RNA-Seq is a significant technique for identifying gene predictions and mining functional analysis that improves gene ontology understanding mechanisms of biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components, but there is limited information available on this topic. Transcriptomics research on different types of plants can assist researchers to understand functional genes in better ways and regulatory processes to improve breeding selection and cultivation practices. In recent years, several advancements in RNA-Seq technology have been made for the characterization of the transcriptomes of distinct cell types in biological tissues in an efficient manner. RNA-Seq technologies are briefly introduced and examined in terms of their scientific applications. In a nutshell, it introduces all transcriptome sequencing and analysis techniques, as well as their applications in plant biology research. This review will focus on numerous existing and forthcoming strategies for improving transcriptome sequencing technologies for functional gene mining in various plants using RNA- Seq technology, based on the principles, development, and applications.

Gemini surfactants are most exciting new types of surfactants. They have two hydrophilic head groups and two hydrophobic groups in a molecule separated by a spacer group. Nowadays different types of geminis have been synthesized. Geminis show some characteristic features like low cmc, high surface activity, high solubility in water, good foaming and wetting properties, as well as low Krafft temperature. Geminis imply low eye and skin irritation. These surfactants are widely used as antifoaming and antimicrobial agents. This review paper deals with synthesis, properties and applications of various gemini surfactants.

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Bisphosphodiester surfactant is a name assigned to a family of synthetic amphiphiles possessing a hydrocarbon chain attached to another hydrocarbon chain via different methylene chains as a spacer derived from α-ω-alkyl dibromide (1,4-DBB, 1,6-DBH and 1,8-DBO). In the present study, a series of bisphosphodiester surfactants having C14 hydrophobic tail and different methylene chains as a spacer derived from α-ω-alkyl dibromide have been synthesized at 35°C. The effect of reaction variables like temperature, duration and molar ratios of mono tetradecyl phosphate, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and spacer on the yield of bisphosphodiester surfactants has also been reported. Modern instrumental techniques viz. FT-IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR were utilized to characterize the functional groups presence in synthesized bisphosphodiester surfactants. Elemental analysis of synthesized bisphosphodiester surfactants was also carried out. Surface active properties viz. surface tension, interfacial tension, critical micelle concentration and aqueous properties viz. foaming stability, wetting ability, emulsifying ability and dispersing power of synthesized gemini surfactants were also determined. Among all synthesized bisphosphodiester surfactants IIIb had maximum anionic content of 78.9%; and showed highest foaming ability (70 ml), superior dispersing ability (45.7%), whereas IIIc showed low CMC values (0.00026 mmol/l); minimum surface tension and interfacial tension (37.3 mN/m and 31.6 mN/m) respectively.

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