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Treatment refractoriness of oral lesions was significantly associated with duration of disease/oral lesions; specific morphology and location of oral lesions; and the presence of HSV DNA in the oral cavity. These factors may forewarn the treating physician about a refractory course of oral lesions that may help with counselling patients.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth-leading reason of fatality and is 70% present in all cases of dementia. The global burden of AD is expected to accelerate from 26.6 million cases in 2006 to 106.8 million by 2050. The total assumed worldwide costs of dementia were US$ 604 billion in 2010, equivalent to 1% of the world's Gross domestic product (GDP). This review is focused on the overview of pathophysiology and management of AD. The sources for the literature search were PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar. AD is generally considered as disorders related to intensify loss of neurons and synapses proceeds in distinct anatomical loci, resulting in different phenotypes. The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease is credited to a number of factors such as the cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid/tau toxicity and oxidative stress/ mitochondrial dysfunction. Apart from various therapeutic targets, biomarkers and pharmaco-therapies available; Herbal drugs, secondary metabolites and to the some extent non-pharmacological therapies are impending and potential candidates for the management of AD. Further studies are required to elaborate the detailed mechanism of Herbal drugs, secondary metabolites and non-pharmacological therapies for the management of AD.

Background: There are no Indian studies on the association between filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations and any dermatosis, including hand eczema.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of FLG mutations in Indian hand eczema patients, and examine associations between such mutations and any aetiological type of hand eczema. Materials and Methods:A total of 163 patients and 86 controls were included. Patients were categorized into aetiological subtypes of hand eczema. FLG polymorphisms (S2889X, 2282del4, R501X, and Q2417X) were determined in patients and controls, and correlated with subtypes.Results: The prevalences of FLG mutations were 33.7% in cases and 3.5% in controls. Mutations in S2889X constituted 96.4% of all FLG mutations. No carrier of R501X and Q2417X mutations was identified. Among 55 patients with mutations, irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) with or without atopy was found in 22 patients, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) with or without atopy was found in 12, and idiopathic hand eczema was found in 12. There was a significant association of FLG mutations with ICD with or without atopy, ACD without atopy, and idiopathic subtypes.FLG mutations were associated with more severe hand eczema.Conclusions: S2889X mutation is commoner in patients than in controls. FLG polymorphisms are associated with specific subtypes of hand eczema and severe disease. K E Y W O R D Satopy, filaggrin mutation, hand eczema, Indian patients

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