No abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) is a major healthcare challenge in the pediatric age group affecting poor and deprived parts of our community. The main species that infect people are roundworm (AL, Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (TT, Trichuris trichiura), and hookworms (HW, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). We aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of STH infections in India in the pediatric age group (< 18 years) and assess the risk factors associated with STH in this age group. Three databases were searched (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) up to February 16, 2021 with deliberate and inclusive search terms for original research articles estimating the prevalence of either of the three STH in India. Data extracted included individual prevalence of the three STH, prevalence of double or triple infections, and associated risk factors.We identified systematically 1,408 publications, of which 44 were included for the final analysis, including studies from 20 states covering 34,590 children. In our study, the prevalence of AL ranged from 0.8 to 91% with a pooled prevalence of 25%, prevalence of TT ranged from 0.3 to 72% with a pooled prevalence of 13%, and for HW prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 80% with pooled prevalence of 10%. Two most important risk factors with higher odds ratio were open defecation practices or open latrine (odds ratio: 5.2) and washing hands without soap using water only (odds ratio: 2.49). Knowledge of areas with high prevalence of STH and associated risk factors would help in designing effective control strategies in the high-risk groups to prevent infection and aid in a drastic reduction of morbidity in children.
Objectives We aim to report the simultaneous effect of different protein and lipid concentrations on sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) measurement by direct and indirect ion selective electrodes (dISE and iISE) in patient samples. Materials and Methods Na+ and K+ were measured in 195 serum samples received in the laboratory using iISE by Roche Modular P800 autoanalyzer and using dISE by XI-921 ver. 6.0 Caretium electrolyte analyzer. Serum total protein (TP), cholesterol (Chol), and triglycerides (TG) were measured using conventional photometric methods on Roche Modular P800 autoanalyzer. Differences for each pair of results for Na+ (Diff_Na+ = [Na+ dISE–Na+ iISE]) and K+ (Diff_K+ = [K+ dISE–K+ iISE]) were calculated. Patient subgroups with high, normal, or low TP (< 5, 5–7.9, or ≥ 8 g/dL), Chol (< 150, 150–299, or ≥300 mg/dL), or TG (< 150, 150–299, or ≥300 mg/dL) were compared using analysis of variance. Note that 95% confidence interval of Diff_Na+ and Diff_K+ were calculated to see the number of samples showing clinically significant differences. Results Diff_Na+ (p = 0.007) and Diff_K+ (p = 0.002) were found significant between samples with normal and high TP. However, effect of TG was not significant. Chol concentration affected Diff_Na+ significantly between low versus normal (p = 0.002), and high versus normal (p = 0.031) Chol groups. Diff_K+ was significant (p = 0.009) between low versus normal Chol. Clinically relevant disagreement of ≥|5| mmol/L for Na+ was observed in high percentage of samples including all subcategories; however, for K+ only 3.6% of the total samples showed disagreement of ≥ |0.5| mmol/L. A multivariate regression equation based on fit regression model was also derived. Conclusion Summarily, interchangeable use of electrolyte results from dISE and iISE is not advisable, especially in a setting of hyperproteinemia (≥8 g/dL) or hypercholesterolemia (≥300 mg/dL); more so for Na+.
Background Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) have become the mainstay of electrolyte measurements in the clinical laboratory. In most automated analyzers used in large diagnostic laboratories, indirect ISE (iISE) -based electrolyte estimation is done; whereas direct ISE (dISE) -based equipment are mostly used in blood gas analyzers and in the point-of-care (PoC) setting. Content Both the techniques, iISE as well as dISE, are scientifically robust; however, the results are often not interchangeable. Discrepancy happens between the two commonly due to interferences that affect the two measuring principles differently. Over the last decade, several studies have reported discrepancies between dISE and iISE arising due to abnormal protein and lipid contents in the sample. Summary The present review endeavors to consolidate the knowledge accumulated in relation to interferences due to abnormal protein and lipid contents in sample with the principal focus resting on probable solutions thereof.
Hemoglobin High-performance liquid chromatography (Hb HPLC) is a standard first-line technique for diagnosis of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies. We compared two HPLC systems for detection and quantification of normal and abnormal Hb fractions. EDTA samples from 100 normal healthy subjects and 107 subjects affected with hemoglobinopathies or carriers were analysed using HPLC systems Tosoh HLC-723G11 and Bio-Rad Variant-II. Retention time (RT) and area of peaks for HbA2, HbF and other structural variants were compared. In discrepant cases samples were run on Sebia Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for confirmation of results (39 out of 107 cases with HbE, HbD Iran, Hb Lepore and HbQ). Measurement of HbA2 and HbF in normal samples and HbF in those with variant Hbs showed good correlation by both analyzers (R 2 = 0.83, 0.9 and 0.99 respectively). HbE co-elutes with HbA2 in Bio-Rad. Correlation done using the apparent HbA2 concentration from Bio-Rad with (HbE ? HbA2) from Tosoh G11 showed good correlation (R 2 = 0.97). Correlation of HbS (Eluting at S-window at RT 3.11 min in Tosoh G11 and 4.33 min in Bio-Rad) as well as HbD Punjab (Eluting at D-window at RT 2.82 min in Tosoh G11 and 4.06 min in Bio-Rad) by both instruments was good. HbD Iran (Eluting at E-window at RT 2.69 min in Tosoh G11 and with HbA2 at 3.53 min in Bio-Rad); HbQ (Eluting at C-window at RT 3.78 min in Tosoh G11 and unknown window at 4.7 min in Bio-Rad), HbH (Eluting at P00 window at RT 0.13 min in Tosoh G11 and giving pre-integration peak in Bio-Rad), Hb Lepore (Eluting at P08 window at RT 2.67 min in Tosoh G11 and with HbA2 at 3.46 min in Bio-Rad) gave comparable results. Correlation with findings of CZE was done in few cases when needed. Two automated HPLC instruments demonstrated similar usefulness for screening patients for hemoglobinopathies. However, complex elution patterns as well as co-elution of variants like HbA2, HbE, Hb Lepore, HbD Iran (in Bio-Rad); HbD Iran and HbE (Tosoh G11) pose difficulty in interpretation. A complementary second method like CZE may be required.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.