The objective of this study was to determine the role of meat aging process on survival of male specific bacteriophage MS2 on meat. MS2 was used as a viral surrogate to study the impact of aging on enteric viruses on lamb meat. They were spiked at concentration of 10, 103, and 105 pfu on lamb chops sliced into cuts of meats at 10 × 10 × 1.5 cm3, and were stored at 4 °C for 14 days. Physicochemical characteristics such as pH, oxidation‐reduction potential, water holding capacity and total count of mesophilic bacteria as well as MS2 were measured during the aging. The results indicated that the aging were not sufficient to completely inactivate all spiked MS2 on the lamb meat. However, physicochemical changes during muscle convert to meat significantly reduced MS2 survival (p < .05). The results also indicated that by increasing the spiked concentration of MS2, the survival rate of virus was significantly increased (p < .05). Practical applications Meat is one of the most consumed foods around the world that can be considered as a source of food borne illnesses. There are increasing concerns regarding zoonotic transmission of some animal enteric viruses which are closely related to human‐pathogenic strains via meat and other animal products. However, little research has been conducted on the survival of enteric viruses in meat. Given the novel results of this study, it can be concluded that although physicochemical changes during muscle conversion to meat reduced virus survival, aging process is not sufficient for complete inactivation of viruses. So, the safety of food depends on proper treatment processes and level of contamination of food products.

Background: The older adult population is increasing and depression is commonly observed within this community. This study is one of the firsts assessed depression and its risk factors in a healthy well-nourished over-55 years old population.Method: Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13) was used to determine depression in 766 individuals. a full report of socioeconomic factors was gathered. Lifestyle and physical activity were assessed using Health Survey Questionnaire 36-Item Short-Form and International Physical Activity Questionnaire, respectively. The dietary nutrient intake was recorded using an adjusted dietary recall.Result: A total of 58% of the population had mild to severe depression. The differences between depression groups for age, gender, SF-36 quality of life scores, and nearly all the social-economic factors were significant. females (OR=2.229 (95%CI:1.641-3.026), p<0.005) and higher age was associated with depression (OR=1.073 (95%CI:1.049-1.097), p<0.005). The impact of age, physical activity, having sport, economic level and smoking on depression were independent of all other factors. most nutrients and energy inversely associated with depression (protein (p=0.043), fiber (p=0.037), iron (p=0.041), vitamin B6 (p=0.011) and caffeine (p=0.009) was independent from the energy intake). The predictor decision tree model for depression according social-economic factors is also illustrated.Conclusion: Depression can be prevalent in a nearly healthy population. Many factors can increase the risk of depression. Currently working in males and having sport, economical level, and living with someone in females were the main depression predictors. The impact of protein, fiber, iron, vitamin B6, and caffeine on depression was independent of energy intake.

Background: The older adults are increasing and depression is commonly observed within this community. This study is one of the first that assessed depression and its risk factors in a healthy well-nourished over-55 years old population. Method: Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13) was used to determine depression in 766 individuals. a full report of socioeconomic factors was gathered. Lifestyle and physical activity were assessed using Health Survey Questionnaire 36-Item Short-Form and International Physical Activity Questionnaire, respectively. The dietary nutrient intake was recorded using an adjusted dietary recall analyzed using the USDA Food Ingredients Database. Result: The prevalence of depression was 31.5% (62.5±6.6 years old). One hundred and thirty-two (17.2%), 93 (12.1%), and 19 (2.5%) individuals had mild, moderate, or severe depression. Males, higher age, not working, higher education, inactivity, living alone, lower-income, divorced, and widows had a higher odd-ratio (OR) of depression. lifestyle shows a 1% higher quality of life score in any component can have 3.8-1.1% significantly lower OR of depression. Trance fatty acids, starch, iron, and copper that are generally increased during oil reheating showed a higher OR for having depression. The correlation of quality of lifestyle components with the severity of depression (BDI-13 score) was the strongest and negative while the weakest correlation was for nutrients with BDI-13 score. Conclusion: The risk of depression in healthy populations is high. Active lifestyle and healthy diet with the presence of family can reduce OR of depression in elderly populations. Food processes can be more important than diet.