Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the two most common neurological illness that affect people in their later years. Memory loss is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, while dyskinesia, or loss of mobility, is associated with muscle rigidity and tremors in PD. Both diseases are unrelated, however they do have a few similarities associated to extrapyramidal abnormalities, particularly stiffness, which has been linked to concomitant PD in many AD patients. Increased levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF in the AD’s and PD’s patients can be regarded evidence of systemic inflammation associated with each of these neurodegenerative disorders. One of the primary variables in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders is oxidative stress. Many medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been claimed to be able to help people with neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, monoamine oxidase inhibition, acetylcholinesterase, and neurotrophic pursuits are among the major mechanisms identified by which phytochemicals exert their neuroprotective effects and potential maintenance of neurological health in old age. In regard to neurodegenerative disorders, numerable plant-based drugs like alkaloids, iridoids, terpenes, flavones are employed for the treatment. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) are used to investigate the link between bioactivity and chemical configuration of substances. The SAR and QSAR of natural plant components employed in AD and PD are discussed in the current review.
Background: Tofacitinib (TFB) is a pioneer JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor mainly employed to treat rheumatoid arthritis. It has proven efficacy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the oral dosage form. Oral TFB exhibited several toxic effects. Current research aims to develop a topical formulation of TFB to achieve effective treatment without any adverse effects. Study Design: Ultrsonication Methods. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Swami Dayanand Postgraduate Institute of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak; 2020-2021. Methods: Oleic acid, tween 80, and propylene glycol were selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. The ratio of oil:surfactant:co-surfactant was selected based on a ternary phase diagram using the aqueous titration method. The selected ratio was employed to develop eight formulations of TFB by ultra-sonication. The formulations (F1-F8) were characterized using several physicochemical methods like pH, viscosity, particle size distribution, zeta potential, drug content, and in vitro release. Results: The formulations (F1-F8) were formulated by using the ultrasonication (high energy) method. The optimized formulation selected on the basis of characterization methods for instance, F8 possessed particle size 127.4 nm, and -18.4 (mV) zeta potential. The in vitro release of F8 was found to be 88.1 ± 2.5% at 24 hours. It also passed the thermodynamic stability tests. Conclusion: The current investigations conclude that tofacitinib-nanoemulsion (TFB-NE) can be used as an alternative to the oral route of TFB and is also useful in reducing the adverse effects associated with oral TFB.
: Nanoparticles (Np) are the 21st century material in supreme formulations due to their unique properties and design. In review, systematic discussion of the synthesis, characterization, bio-applications and risks of AgNps (Silver Nanoparticles) specially highlighting anticancer activity envisaging mechanisms as well as therapeutic approaches for cancer. Ag-Nps mainly possess toxicological concern. Benefits and Risk: AgNps have beneficial approaches for cancer treatment and angiogenesis-related diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetic psoriasis, retinopathy, endometriosis and adiposity. Ag-Nps induced cytotoxicity through oxidative stress by the ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) generation could be measured as dependent on different properties such as nanoparticle shape, size, agglomeration, concentration and aggregation. Result: The advancing nanotechnology-based therapy need to be devised better, and it should offload the hitches of prevailing treatment approaches. Essential studies are required to explain the synergistic effect of two different cytotoxic agents.
Tretinoin (TRT), a natural all-trans retinoic acid occurring retinoid metabolite, belongs to the first generation of retinoids used to treat various skin ailments, like acne vulgaris and skin ageing and psoriasis. In this study, a combination of drugs using TRT and curcumin (CUR) nanoemulsion (NE) is fabricated, and is further added to a gel formulation to boost the efficacy and stability of the topical formulation. A high-energy sonication technique was used in the NE fabrication, and optimization was carried out using the Box-Behnken design. The TRT-CUR-NEs were found to have a mean particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of 77.6 ± 2.1 nm, −20.7 ± 4.4 mV, and 0.268 ± 0.029, respectively. The optimized formulation of TRT-CUR-NE has a % entrapment efficiency of 85.92% ± 2.6% and 88.31% ± 3.2% for TRT and CUR, respectively, and a % loading efficiency of 19.6% ± 1.2% and 18.7% ± 2.5%, respectively, for TRT and CUR, respectively. The in vitro release profile displayed % cumulative drug release of 28.64% ± 0.31%, 80.32% ± 0.42%, and 89.64% ± 0.97% after 24 hours for plain gel, TRT-CUR-NE, and TRT-CUR-nanoemulgel, respectively.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease in the world. The clinical prospects have increased tremendously since the advent of biological agents as therapy options. NSAIDs such as indomethacin, celecoxib, and etoricoxib are used often in the treatment of RA but off-target effects decreased their use. DMARDs such as methotrexate and etanercept were also effective in the treatment of RA, but tolerance to methotrexate developed in many cases. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) have also gained popularity as a treatment option for rheumatoid arthritis. Tofacitinib is the foremost JAK inhibitor that is used to treat RA as an individual agent or in combination with other DMARDs. The most frequently used route of administration for JAKi is oral. Since oral formulations of JAK inhibitors have a number of health hazards, such as systemic toxicity and patient noncompliance, topical formulations of JAK inhibitors have emerged as a preferable alternative for administering JAK inhibitors. Tofacitinib delivered topically, seems to have the potential to eliminate or reduce the occurrences of negative effects when compared to tofacitinib taken orally. Given the scarcity of knowledge on the techniques for topical distribution of JAKi, more effort will be required to develop a stable topical formulation of JAKi to address the limitations of oral route. The current review looks at JAK inhibitors and the ways that have been used to generate topical formulations of them.
Background: Diverse pain killers used for the management of varied categories of pain are being misused in order to have extreme pleasant effect by a large number of populations. To overcome the misuse of prescription drugs, regulatory bodies have given stress on development of abuse resistance. Methods: We studied numerous literatures: (1) Research and review papers including the guidelines for pain management, abuse, and abuse deterrence; (2) Description and categorization of pain along with the management approaches; (3) advantages and disadvantages of the abuse deterrent formulations were described. Results: Abuse deterrent formulations are the contemporary remedial treatment for pain with reduced prospects of being abused. But these comprise the huge expense in contrast to the generic drugs as well as the non-deterrent branded equivalents. Conclusion: Many challenges are faced throughout the development of abuse deterrent formulations. These formulations displayed substantial drop in abuse incidences but it may lead to other modes of abuse which may prove more harmful for the users.
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