The natural radioactivity levels have been determined by means of gamma ray spectroscopy in surface soil samples collected from the historical city Panipat and its surrounding areas. The activity concentrations are estimated for 238 U (range from 14.82 ± 0.26 to 42.82 ± 0.84 Bq/kg), 232 Th (from 12.94 ± 0.32 to 43.48 ± 0.96 Bq/kg) and 40 K (from 238.05 ± 0.28 to 348.50 ± 0.95 Bq/kg). Radium equivalent activities are calculated to be in the range of 82.24e108.49 Bq/kg with an average value of 92.21 Bq/kg. Absorbed dose rates in air outdoors are measured in the range of 32.01e56.47 nGy/h with an average value of 44.16 nGy/h. The corresponding effective dose rates (indoor and outdoor) are calculated to be in the range of 0.09e0.158 mSv/y and 0.039e0.069 mSv/y respectively. The internal and external hazard index varies from 0.234 to 0.339 and 0.207 to 0.286 respectively. The activities of radium equivalent in all the soil samples are lesser than the limit (370 Bq/kg) recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report and the annual effective dose was within the safe limit of 1 mSv/y.
Traffic accidents in the streets have become a very serious issue in Japan. In order to reduce the traffic accidents in the streets, a proper speed reduction of the vehicle is important. Although there are many approaches to make the vehicles reduce the speed, this study focuses on a user measures to encourage the speed reduction by providing the information. Recent years, there was a traffic calming study in which some people stand the roadside and then remind the drivers to decrease their driving speeds by showing the vehicle's speed. In this study, by referring the existed study, we tried to grasp the measurement issues from the viewpoint of vehicle behavior such as reduction of the speed, evaluation by the drivers and neighborhoods consciousness, and possibility of the supports by the government in this area. Results obtained in this study are as follows. 1) When provided speed information for the over speed limit vehicles, it was found that the speed is reduced markedly near the provision position. 2) Vehicle speed provision activities were accepted favorably to the driver. In addition, the trend was noticeable to the driver who lives in the vicinity of the activities. 3) It was recognized by neighborhoods that vehicle speed provision activities are effective compared to the traffic safety campaign activity as usual. In addition, the tendency was more remarkable in the people who recognized that the vehicle speed in the street was fast. 4) The problems listed by the road administrators for the spread of vehicle speed information provision activities were the relations with other policies, the generalization of the effects, and consideration for the trouble evasion.
Empirical evidence indicates that foreign institutional investors (FIIs) play a vital role in financial markets, and being the major players, they demonstrate positive feedback trading behaviour and usually follow one another’s actions. In order to examine this phenomenon, the present study endeavoured to unearth the relationship between foreign institutional investments (FIIs) and returns in the Indian stock market, trading volume and volatility. The return of the Nifty50 index has surrogated market returns, while volatility is represented by conditional volatility computed from Nifty50, from January 1999 to May 2017. The vector autoregression (VAR) results indicate a positive association between herding among FIIs and lagged market returns, while information asymmetry has no impact on herding. On the other hand, previous-day volatility has a significant bearing on the herding measure. Overall, the results portray a significant relationship between herding and stock market returns in India. The results of multivariate regression exhibit that market return was a primary factor for FII herding during the study period under consideration, while trading volume bore no relationship with herding. In case of market volatility, the empirical results are in congruence with the fact that during the period of the volatile market, FIIs prefer to not indulge in herding. Furthermore, the results of three sub-periods, that is, before, during and after the crisis, are similar to the results of the whole study period which indicates that the return is a prime and vital force for herding; on the contrary, market volatility appears to have a negative relationship with herding.
Transliteration is the conversion of a text from one script to another, and thus representing words from one language using the approximate phonetic or spelling equivalents of another language. Machine Transliteration has come out to be an emerging and a very important research area in the field of machine translation. Transliteration systems are very beneficial for removing the language and scriptural barriers. It has gained prime importance as a supporting tool for machine translation and cross-language information retrieval, especially when proper names and technical terms are involved. Various techniques are available for transliteration process. This paper is intended to give a brief overview of commonly used machine transliteration techniques.
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