Aim:The study aimed to develop a bicomponent bioactive hydrogel formed in situ and enriched with an extract of platelet-rich fibrin (PRFe) and to assess its potential for use in pulp-dentine complex tissue engineering via cell homing. Methodology:A bicomponent hydrogel based on photo-activated naturally derived polymers, methacrylated chitosan (ChitMA) and methacrylated collagen (ColMA), plus PRFe was fabricated. The optimized formulation of PRFe-loaded bicomponent hydrogel was determined by analysing the mechanical strength, swelling ratio and cell viability simultaneously. The physical, mechanical, rheological and morphological properties of the optimal hydrogel with and without PRFe were determined.Additionally, MTT, phalloidin/DAPI and live/dead assays were carried out to compare the viability, cytoskeletal morphology and migration ability of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) within the developed hydrogels with and without PRFe, respectively. To further investigate the effect of PRFe on the differentiation of encapsulated SCAP, alizarin red S staining, RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemical detection were performed. Statistical significance was established at p < .05. Results:The optimized formulation of PRFe-loaded bicomponent hydrogel can be rapidly photocrosslinked using available dental light curing units. Compared to bicomponent hydrogels without PRFe, the PRFe-loaded hydrogel exhibited greater viscoelasticity and higher cytocompatibility to SCAP. Moreover, it promoted cell proliferation and migration in vitro. It also supported the odontogenic differentiation of SCAP as evidenced by its promotion of biomineralization and upregulating the gene expression for ALP, COL I, DSPP and DMP1 as well as facilitated angiogenesis by enhancing VEGFA gene expression. Conclusions:The new PRFe-loaded ChitMA/ColMA hydrogel developed within this study fulfils the criteria of injectability, cytocompatibility, chemoattractivity and bioactivity to promote odontogenic differentiation, which are fundamental requirements for scaffolds used in pulp-dentine complex regeneration via cell-homing approaches.
Background: Pulp-dentine complex regeneration via tissue engineering is a developing treatment modality that aims to replace necrotic pulps with newly formed healthy tissue inside the root canal. Designing and fabricating an appropriate scaffold is a crucial step in such a treatment. Objectives:The present study aimed to review recent advances in the design and fabrication of scaffolds for de novo regeneration of pulp-dentine complexes via tissue engineering approaches. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Europe PMC, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. To highlight bioengineering techniques for de novo regeneration of pulp-dentine complexes, both in vitro and in vivo studies were included, and clinical studies were excluded. Results: In the present review, four main classes of scaffolds used to engineer pulpdentine complexes, including bioceramic-based scaffolds, synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, natural polymer-based scaffolds and composite scaffolds, are covered.Additionally, recent advances in the design, fabrication and application of such scaffolds are analysed along with their advantages and limitations. Finally, the importance of vascular network establishment in the success of pulp-dentine complex regeneration and strategies used to create scaffolds to address this challenge are discussed.Discussion: In the tissue engineering platform, scaffolds provide structural support for cells to adhere and proliferate and also regulate cell differentiation and metabolism. Up to now, considerable progress has been achieved in the field of pulp-dentine complex tissue engineering, and a spectrum of scaffolds ranging from bioceramicbased to naturally derived scaffolds has been fabricated. However, in designing a suitable scaffold for engineering pulp-dentine complexes, a variety of characteristic parameters related to biological, structural, physical and chemical features should be considered. Conclusion:The variety of biomaterials and fabrication techniques provides a great opportunity to address some of the requirements for scaffolds in regenerative endodontics. However, more studies are required to develop an ideal scaffold for use in a clinical setting.
The purpose of this study was to develop a computational model to simulate the dynamics of intraocular gas behavior in pneumatic retinopexy (PR) procedure. The presented model predicted intraocular gas volume at any time and determined the tolerance angle within which a patient can maneuver and still gas completely covers the tear(s). Computational fluid dynamics calculations were conducted to describe PR procedure. The geometrical model was constructed based on the rabbit and human eye dimensions. SF6 in the form of pure and diluted with air was considered as the injected gas. The presented results indicated that the composition of the injected gas affected the gas absorption rate and gas volume. After injection of pure SF6, the bubble expanded to 2.3 times of its initial volume during the first 23 h, but when diluted SF6 was used, no significant expansion was observed. Also, head positioning for the treatment of retinal tear influenced the rate of gas absorption. Moreover, the determined tolerance angle depended on the bubble and tear size. More bubble expansion and smaller retinal tear caused greater tolerance angle. For example, after 23 h, for the tear size of 2 mm the tolerance angle of using pure SF6 is 1.4 times more than that of using diluted SF6 with 80% air. Composition of the injected gas and conditions of the tear in PR may dramatically affect the gas absorption rate and gas volume. Quantifying these effects helps to predict the tolerance angle and improve treatment efficiency.
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