60% of normal newborns become clinically jaundiced during the first week of life. Unconjugated (indirect) hyperbilirubinemia occurs as a result of excessive bilirubin formation and because the neonatal liver cannot clear bilirubin from the blood rapidly enough. Although most newborns with jaundice are otherwise healthy, they need to be monitored because bilirubin is potentially toxic to the central nervous system. Sufficiently elevated levels of bilirubin can lead to bilirubin encephalopathy and subsequently kernicterus, with devastating, permanent neurodevelopment handicaps. Fortunately, current interventions make such severe sequelae rare. But because neonatal jaundice is so common, many infants-even those who are unaffected-are monitored and treated to prevent substantial damage that would otherwise occur in a few cases.
The eye is an important part of the human body and is a window that reveals the outside world to mankind. The eye is divided into anterior and posterior sections, each of which contains specific features and diseases. One of the most important problems with the human eye is blindness that can have hereditary or acquired causes. Many diseases, including fetal measles, retinopathy in premature infants, microphthalmosis, cataracts, etc. can cause blindness, and diabetes is one of the most important causes of blindness in the world. In this review study, we describe and review the features and components of the eye structure, familiarity with the concept of blindness, the diseases that cause blindness, and systems designed for blind use such as the white cane, the braille line, the finger reader technology, the guiding dogs, the money recognition device, the vibrotac technology, etc.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.