One of the most important solutions for the climate change crisis is the development of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic energy. This study is conducted to explore the socio economic and environmental impact of using solar powered automated drip irrigation system on drip owners of Faisalabad division. Drip irrigation technology takes into account innovations in the agricultural sector and their acceptance on behalf of farmers due to various factors of its particular adjustment goes back to social, economic and climatic conditions. Solar powered drip irrigation system is a micro irrigation system that saves water (H2O) and nutrients by allowing water to slowly drip to the roots of plants and minimize water evaporation by using indigenous resources like photovoltaic energy. This study focused on powered automated drip irrigation methods that have a significant impact on resource savings like saving in energy, labour cost and less use of water, improve crop yields and farmer profit that help to improve life of the rural areas. A sample of 48 respondents was selected conveniently from the Faisalabad division. Respondents were solar drip adopter. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied for data analysis to check the impact of solar drip irrigation on farmer. It was found that majority of solar drip owners are highly agreed to have change in their social status and self-reliance that are 39.58% and 72.92%. Using solar drip systems 79.17% farmers improve their product quality. This indicates that most solar drip owners have high socio-economic and environmental impact. Contribution/Originality:The study explained the designing procedure of PV system for 7.460 kW electric motor installed at automated drip irrigation system. To design PV system, PV array factor of 1.35 is used.Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied for data analysis to check the impact of solar powered automated drip irrigation.
Developing countries like Pakistan are in serious energy crisis. Renewable energy resources are the best alternative for conventional energy sources. The use of indigenous resources to produce bioenergy is an excellent solution to meet the energy needs of developing countries. The aim of the study was to design, construct and production of bioenergy generation from indigenous resources to fulfil bioenergy requirement for electricity, cooking and heating. This research introduces the Best Available Technology (BAT) and bioenergy plant was constructed with local materials at minimum cost to avoid economic burden on bioenergy production cost. An underground bio-digester unit with a volume of 10 cubic meter (7 m 3 bioenergy digester tank plus 3 m 3 bioenergy gas cap/holder) has been installed. The daily feed was approximately 160 kilogram of cow slurry (80 kg cow dung plus 80 litres/kg water). The retention period was approximately 44 days and the reported seasonal temperature was approximately 24˚C-32˚C. The unit was thermally insulated, so the fluctuation in temperature was slightly about ±2˚C. In experimental setup, indigenous biomass resources were mixed with water in a mixing chamber. Whole mixture enters into digester through the inlet pipe and regularly feed up to selected retention time. Anaerobic bacteria decompose the biomass in the digester and produce bioenergy. A simulation was performed to estimate relevant model parameters from experimental data. The proposed model can predict methane production behaviour from some key indicators (such as organic matter and VFAs) in the anaerobic digestion process. Results obtained from the experiment showed that the plant could generate average volume of 3.18 m 3 of bioenergy biogas at average pressure of 170 mbar in a day. Results also revealed that the rate of bioenergy generation increase with respect to time from 33 to 44 days of retention time, the pressure of bioenergy generated increase from 35 mbar to 175 mbar. From the results, it was observable that the more the pressure in the chamber, the more the volume of bioenergy generated; thus, at 175 mbars, it produced maximum volume of 3.2 m 3 of bioenergy.
The photovoltaic energy generation system is one of the most promising technology to meet our future electricity demand as well as mitigate climate change. This study aims to design, simulate and evaluate the performance of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system using PVsyst software to supply electricity for energy efficient streetlights in educational institute. Meteonorm database of daily and monthly irradiation, temperatures, precipitation and sunlight hours are utilized while performing the analysis. The photovoltaic system consists of 56 bifacial-polycrystalline 360-watt PV modules having 17.9% efficiency. The photovoltaic modules were installed at 0° azimuth angle and 15° tilt angle. Two hybrid inverters with rated capacity of 10 kW are used. The energy storage system consists of 16 batteries (2 in series x 8 in parallel) with a nominal capacity of 1600 ampere-hours and discharging minimum SOC is 20 %. A total of 100 streetlight poles with 8 working-hours/day are installed to cover both sides of the road, with monthly energy consumption of 672 kilowatt-hours. The average annual ambient temperature is 23.66℃, and the annual GH irradiation is 1693 kilowatt-hour/m2. The annual production of the hybrid PV system is 25.96 MWh/year, the specific energy production of the system is 1288 kWh/kWp/year with 70.38% performance ratio. By means of proposed photovoltaic system for energy efficient street lightning structure, 157.9t CO2 is reduced. The project can save 0.004737 million tonnes of CO2 emissions over its lifetime of 30 years. The proposed system is a viable solution for public lighting with the right selection of system components.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify and measure the possible potential stressors among undergraduate medical students and explore the correlation of stress with gender and level of academic year. Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted to identify and measure possible stressors of undergraduate medical students. Data was collected from 243 medical students of Independent Medical College through a questionnaire between august and September 2016. Frequencies and percentages of level of stress were determined through descriptive analysis. Reliability of the MSSQ questionnaire was also checked for possible demographic variations. Findings: Study proved that the foremost cause of stress experienced by the students was associated to academics that was represented by ARS factor, showing the utmost mean degree off 2. 0453.Females perceive more stress than males in all domains but no significant correlation found on statistical analysis. Level of academic related stress remains same in all levels of academic years whereas IRS, DRS, TLRS, GARS, SRS related stress levels shows progressive reduction from first year to final year. Implication: Academics related stress is the leading cause of stress in undergraduate medical students, followed by stress related to interpersonal and intrapersonal factors.
In this study, blends of cassava peels (CP) with poultry manure (CP) were co-fermented to evaluate the performance and predict the rate of biogas production. The physicochemical characteristics of the bioreactor feeds were estimated by standard methods. Bioreactors of 12L capacity labeled BR1-BR4 were charged with 65g/L of the feeds in different ratios, giving a final weight of 520g in 8L. The fermentation was operated in a batch mode under ambient temperature conditions (25-35OC) for 28 days. The substrates showed good physicochemical characteristics, indicative of their prospects in bioenergy production. The means of cumulative biogas yield (dm3) were BR1 2.93 (0.008dm3/gVS), BR2 13.65 (0.04dm3/gVS), BR3 21.44 (0.05dm3/gVS) and BR4 1.10 (0.003dm3/gVS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in biogas yield in all the treatments. Modified Gompertz model gave a suitable description of the kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process, predicting biogas production rate (U), biogas production potential (Ym), and the lag period (λ). The experimental and predicted data of biogas production were properly fitted, with correlation coefficients (R2) > 099, which indicates good process performance.
Purpose: This study was designed to understand knowledge level and practice of personal hygiene of rural women. Methodology:This study was conducted in District Faisalabad. Multistage random sampling was used to select the sample. At initial stage of sampling, two towns (Samundari Town and Tandlianwala Town) were selected randomly out of eight towns of District, Faisalabad. Later on, two union councils from each town were finalized and 2 villages were selected from each (four) union councils. Total eight villages were selected for collecting final sample for study. Sample of four hundred respondents was selected from 8 villages by using Solvin formula. At final stage, convenient sampling technique was used to select the respondents from eight villages of District, Faisalabad. A well established interview schedule was used to collect data from respondents. Data analysis was done by using SPSS. 25 and descriptive statistical techniques were applied to describe summaries of visible characteristics of the dataset. Findings: It was found that majority of rural women have not enough knowledge about personal hygiene and its practice was missed out due to lack of sufficient knowledge. Implications:Keeping in view the importance of personal hygiene practices, it is necessary to take measures to improve the situation. Hygiene and sanitation education at the individual or household level needs to be clear and simple.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify and measure the possible potential stressors among undergraduate medical students and explore the correlation of stress with gender and level of academic year. Methodology: This was a cross sectional, questionnaire-based study to identify and measure possible stressors in undergraduate medical students. This study was conducted from 1stAugust 2016 to 1st September 2016 at Independent Medical College, Faisalabad. A sample size of 243 was calculated using openepi; with a confidence level of 97%. The Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ) was used in this study, which is a validated instrument to identify sources of stress. The items in MSSQ represent 20 possible sources of stress in medical students identified from the literature grouped into six main factors as Academic Related Stressor (ARS), Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Related Stressor (IRS), Teaching and Learning Related Stressor (TLRS), Social Related Stressor (SRS), Drive and Desire Related Stressor (DRS), and Group Activities Related Stressor (GARS). Analysis of data is done using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis of levels of stress in all six main factor domains was done, stratified by gender variation and level of academic years and presented as frequency & percentages of subjects having that level of stress. Reliability analysis was also performed to determine the reliability of the MSSQ questionnaire for any demographic variations. Findings: Study proved that the major source of stress experienced by the students was related to academics that was represented by ARS factor, showing the highest mean degree off 2. 0453.Females perceive more stress than males in all domains but no significant correlation found on statistical analysis. Level of academic related stress remains same in all levels of academic years whereas IRS, DRS, TLRS, GARS, SRS related stress levels shows progressive reduction from first year to final year. Implication: Academics related stress is the leading cause of stress in undergraduate medical students, followed by stress related to interpersonal and intrapersonal factors.
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