Fusarium causing disease in maize is probably the one of the most serious diseases among the crop plants all over the world. It not only damages the maize plant, reduces its potential yield and its nutritional values but imposes threatening to the human life through the induction of mycotoxin development. F. graminearum and F. moniliforme syn. Fusarium verticillioides are two important maize pathogens that cause substantial damage to its ear, stalk and foliage, causing contamination of grains with mycotoxins. Since conventional methods of controlling the diseases including the chemical methods proved not enough for total control of the disease with creating situation even worse for our surroundings, the application of PGPR and PGPF can play significant role to control the damage caused by Fusarium.
The novel corona virus disease or COVID-19 caused by a positive strand RNA virus (PRV) called SARS-CoV-2 is plaguing the entire planet as we conduct this study. In this study a multifaceted analysis was carried out employing dinucleotide signature, codon usage and codon context to compare and unravel the genomic as well as genic characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates and how they compare to other PRVs which represents some of the most pathogenic human viruses. The main emphasis of this study was to comprehend the codon biology of the SARS-CoV-2 in the backdrop of the other PRVs like Poliovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Hepatitis C virus,
Norovirus
, Rubella virus, Semliki Forest virus, Zika virus, Dengue virus, Human rhinoviruses and the
Betacoronaviruses
since codon usage pattern along with the nucleotide composition prevalent within the viral genome helps to understand the biology and evolution of viruses. Our results suggest discrete genomic dinucleotide signature within the PRVs. Some of the genes from the different SARS-CoV-2 isolates were also found to demonstrate heterogeneity in terms of their dinucleotide signature. The SARS-CoV-2 isolates also demonstrated a codon context trend characteristically dissimilar to the other PRVs. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the developing global knowledge base in countering COVID-19.
Tea is widely used as an aromatic beverage cultivated in more than 35 countries from different continents. The global production of tea during the year 2015-2016 was 5,303 million kg where India stands 2nd contributing 23% of the world production.Diplodia disease is one of the most common diseases of tea in sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India. Phenylpropanoids act as a precursor of several secondary metabolites that are synthesized at the time of biotic and abiotic stress conditions. During the induction of systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid production is regulated by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression. In this communication, twelve-month-old tea seedlings (TV-26) were treated with benzothiadiazole (BTH) and inoculated with Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Transcript accumulation in different treatments, that is treated-uninoculated, untreated-inoculated and treated-inoculated were measured in comparison with untreated-uninoculated control to study the effect of BTH in defence induction. From the results, it was evident that BTH-treated and L. theobromae-inoculated plants showed higher transcript accumulation (3.81 μg/μl) and reduced disease index (3.8 ± 0.02) in comparison with untreated control where transcript accumulation was 3.26 μg/μl and disease index reduced to 14.6 ± 0.05. After sequencing, nucleotide and deduced protein sequences were compared, and 3D structure was established where three lyase superfamily (cl26059) motifs were found. The increase in PAL activity was also observed in treated-inoculated plants (from 2.5 to 4.4 μmol min −1 g −1 ) in comparison with healthy control (from 2.5 to 2.7 μmol min −1 g −1 ) after 4th day of treatment. Nonetheless, BTH might be one of the significant inducers of PAL which can be used to induce of disease resistance in tea plants in India.
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