The effect of increased nutrient concentration during different fruit development stages on the yield, pungency and PAL enzyme activity in hot chili cv. 'Super hot' was studied during August 2009-January 2010. The seedlings were planted in plastic containers containing 20 L of coconut-coir-dust substrate placed inside a plastic-roofed net house and received Resh's Tropical Dry Summer nutrient solution at a constant concentration (measured by Electrical Conductivity, EC) of 1.2 mS cm −1 during the vegetative stage and 2.4 mS cm −1 during the first week of blooming. Then, they were divided into treatments: Treatment 1 (control), plants continuously received nutrient solution at a constant concentration of 2.4 mS cm −1 until end of harvest, while treatments 2-6 received nutrient solution with a change in concentration from EC 2.4 to 3.6 mS cm −1 at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after the week of first bloom, respectively. The results showed that the increase in nutrient concentration at different fruit development stages did not significantly influence chili fruit characteristics and yield. However, the oleoresin, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and capsaicinoid contents increased significantly when hot chili plants received the nutrient concentration increase at the 1st and 2nd week after first bloom. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in the full-ripening fruits increased significantly when the nutrient solution concentration increase occurred at 1st and 2nd weeks after first bloom. The highest PAL activity of 827.48 mmole mg −1 protein was recorded in full-ripened fruits, when the nutrient concentration increase occurred at the 2nd week after bloom.
Coconut plantation waste was in massive quantities affecting the environment in the community. Hence, the coconut plantation was charcoal full of carbon. The objective of this research was to study the properties of biochar from coconut plantation waste and the consequences of adopting biochar to mix with organic fertilizer on the growth and lettuce productivity by analyzing the physical and chemical properties of biochar from coconut plantation waste. The organic fertilizer mixed with the biochar on lettuce growth and productivity was investigated by three treatments no application of organic fertilizer (control), the application of organic fertilizer, and the application of organic fertilizer added with potassium humate. The result showed that the highest level of biochar from coconut shells had the total density, total porosity, water holding capacity, C/N ratio, and humidity at the highest level, equaling 0.58 gram/cubic centimeter, 56.50%, 54.25%, 67%, and 2.41%, respectively. The biochar from the coconut leaves had the highest air gap, pH, conductivity, organic carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium quantity, respectively (13.50%, 9.90, 2.34 dS/m, 58.94%, 0.12%, 1.25%, and 2.26%, respectively). The biochar from the fallen young coconut fruits had organic matter, cation exchange, nitrogen, and phosphorus quantity at the highest level: 72.37%, 36.19 cmol/kg, 0.57%, and 2.11%, respectively. The results of the organic fertilizer mixed with biochar and Potassium Humate added formula led to the growth and productivity in all 3 types of lettuce more than not applying organic fertilizers (p<0.05).
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